atha saptadaśo ‘dhyāyaḥ – śraddhā-traya-vibhāga-yogaḥ
Now the seventeenth chapter: “The Yoga of Threefold Faith”
Śrīdhara
uktādhikāra-hetūnāṃ śraddhā mukhyā tu sāttvikī |
iti saptadaśe gauṇa-śraddhā-bhedas tridhocyate ||
Viśvanātha
atha saptadaśe vastu sāttvikaṃ rājasaṃ tathā |
tāmasaṃ ca vivicyoktaṃ pārtha-praśnottaraṃ yathā ||
Baladeva
sāttvikaṃ rājasaṃ vastu tāmasaṃ ca vivekataḥ |
kṛṣṇaḥ saptadaśe ‚vādīt pārtha-praśnānusārataḥ ||
BhG 17.1
arjuna uvāca
ye śāstra-vidhim utsṛjya yajante śraddhayānvitāḥ
teṣāṃ niṣṭhā tu kā kṛṣṇa sattvam āho rajas tamaḥ
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syntax
arjuna (Arjuna) uvāca (he spoke):
he kṛṣṇa (O Kṛṣṇa!),
ye [janāḥ] (these people) śāstra-vidhim (injection of scriptures) utsṛjya (after discarding)
śraddhayā tu (but with faith) anvitāḥ (endowed) yajante (they offer in sacrifice),
teṣām (of them) niṣṭhā (faith) kā (what?)
sattvam (sattva) rajaḥ (rajas) āho tamaḥ (or is it tamas).
grammar
| arjunaḥ | – | arjuna 1n.1 m. – white, clear, Arjuna; |
| uvāca | – | √vac (to speak) Perf. P 1v.1 – he spoke; |
| ye | – | yat sn. 1n.3 m. – those who; |
| śāstra-vidhim | – | śāstra-vidhi 2n.1 m.; TP: śāstrāṇāṁ vidhim iti – injuction of scriptures (from: √śās – to teach, śāstra – order, precept, teaching, scripture; vidhi – a rule, formula, injunction); |
| utsṛjya | – | ut-√sṛj (to let go, to throw off) absol. – after discarding; |
| yajante | – | √yaj (to consecrate, to sacrifice, to worship) Praes. Ā 1v.3 – they worship, they offer in sacrifice; |
| śraddhayā | – | śraddhā 3n.1 f. – with faith (from: śrat – in compounds: faith; √dhā – to put [faith]; śraddhā – faith, confidence); |
| anvitāḥ | – | anvita (anu-√i – to go along) PP 1n.3 m. – who are endowed (with what? – requires instrumental); |
| teṣām | – | tat sn. 6n.3 m. – of them; |
| niṣṭhā | – | ni-ṣṭhā 1n.1 f. – state, firmness, devotion, faith, perfection, conclusion, death (from: √sthā – to stay, to exist); |
| tu | – | av. – but, then, or, and; |
| kā | – | kim sn. 1n.1 f. – what; |
| kṛṣṇa | – | kṛṣṇa 8n.1 m. – O dark one, O Kṛṣṇa; |
| sattvam | – | sattva (√as – to be, PPr sant – being, existing, true, the essence) abst. 1n.1 n. – being, essence, wisdom, spirit, one of the three guṇas; |
| āho | – | av. – is it so?! (interjection of asking or of doubt); |
| rajaḥ | – | rajas 1n.1 n. – coloured, dust, passion, one of the three guṇas (from: √rañj – to be dyed, be excited, be delighted); |
| tamaḥ | – | tamas 1n.1 n. – darkness, gloom, dullness, passivity, one of the three guṇas (from: √tam – to choke, to faint, to perish, to stop); |
textual variants
yajante → vartaṃte / yajaṃti (they act / they offer in sacrifices);
The second pada of verse 17.1 is the same as the second pada of verse BhG 9.23;
Śāṃkara
tasmāc chāstraṃ pramāṇaṃ ta [gītā 16.24] iti bhagavad-vākyāl labdha-praśna-bījo’rjuna uvāca—
ye kecid aviśeṣitāḥ śāstra-vidhiṃ śāstra-vidhānaṃ śruti-smṛti-śāstra-codanām utsṛjya parityajya yajante devādīn pūjayanti śraddhayānvitāḥ śraddhayāstikya-buddhyānvitāḥ saṃyuktāḥ santaḥ | śruti-lakṣaṇaṃ smṛti-lakṣaṇaṃ vā kaṃcit śāstra-vidhim apaśyanto vṛddha-vyavahāra-darśanād eva śraddadhānatayā ye devādīn pūjayanti | te iha ye śāstra-vidhim utsṛjya yajante śraddhayānvitā ity evaṃ gṛhyante | ye punaḥ kaṃcit śāstra-vidhim upalabhamānaiva tam utsṛjyāyathā-vidhi devādīn pūjayanti | ta iha ye śāstra-vidhim utsṛjya yajanta iti na parigṛhyante | kasmāt ? śraddhayānvitatva-viśeṣaṇāt | devādi-pūjā-vidhi-paraṃ kiṃcit śāstraṃ paśyanta eva tad utsṛjyāśraddadhānatayā tad-vihitāyāṃ devādi-pūjāyāṃ śraddhayānvitāḥ pravartanta iti na śakyaṃ kalpayituṃ yasmāt, tasmāt pūrvoktaiva ye śāstra-vidhim utsṛjya yajante śraddhayānvitā ity atra gṛhyante | teṣām evaṃ-bhūtānāṃ niṣṭhā tu kā kṛṣṇa sattvam āho rajas tamaḥ, kiṃ sattvaṃ niṣṭhāvasthānam, āho svit rajaḥ, athavā tama iti | etad uktaṃ bhavati—yā teṣāṃ devādi-viṣayā pūjā, sā kiṃ sāttvikī, āho svit rājasī, uta tāmasīti
Rāmānuja
devāsuravibhāgoktimukhena prāpyatattvajñānaṃ tatprāptyupāyajñānaṃ ca vedaikamūlam ityuktam / idānīm aśāstravihitasyāsuratvenāphalatvam, śāstravihitasya ca guṇatas traividhyam, śāstrasiddhasya lakṣaṇaṃ cocyate / tatrāśāstravihitasya niṣphalatvam ajānan aśāstravihite śraddhāsaṃyukte yāgādau sattvādinimittaphalabhedabubhutsayā arjunaḥ pṛcchati
śāstravidhim utsṛjya śraddhayānvitā ye yajante, teṣāṃ niṣṭhā kā ? kiṃ sattvam ? āhosvid rajaḥ ? atha tamaḥ ? niṣṭhā sthitiḥ; sthīyate ‚sminn iti sthitiḥ sattvādir eva niṣṭhety ucyate / teṣāṃ kiṃ sattve sthitiḥ ? kiṃ vā rajasi ? kiṃ vā tamasītyarthaḥ
Śrīdhara
pūrvādhyāyānte yaḥ śāstra-vidhim utsṛjya vartate kāma-cārataḥ | na sa siddhim avāpnoti [Gītā 16.24] ity anena śāstrokta-vidhim utsṛjya kāma-cāreṇa vartamānasya jñāne ‚dhikāro nāstīty uktam | tatra śāstram utsṛjya kāma-cāraṃ vinā śraddayā vartamānānāṃ kim adhikāro ‚sti nāsti veti bubhutsayā ‚rjuna uvāca ya iti | atra ca śāstra-vidhim utsṛjya yajanta ity anena śāstrārthaṃ buddhyā tam ullaṅghya vartamāno na gṛhyate | teṣāṃ śraddhayā yajanānupatteḥ | āstikya-buddhir hi śraddhā | na cāsau śāstra-viruddhe ‚rthe śāstra-jñānavatāṃ sambhavati | tān evādhikṛtya trividhā bhavati śraddheti | yajante sāttvikā devān ity ādy uttarānupapatteś ca | ato nātra śāstrollaṅghino gṛhyante | api tu kleśa-buddhy-ālasyād vā śāstrārtha-jñāne prayatnam akṛtvā kevalam ācāra-paramparā-vaśena śraddhayā kvacid devatārādhanādau pravartamānā gṛhyante | ato ‚yam arthaḥ ye śāstra-vidhim utsṛjya duḥkha-buddhyālasya-dvārā anādṛtya kevalam ācāra-prāmāṇyena śraddhayā ‚nvitāḥ santo yajante teṣāṃ kā niṣṭhā | kā sthitiḥ | ka āśrayaḥ | tām eva viśeṣeṇa pṛcchati kiṃ sattvam | āho kiṃ vā rajaḥ | athavā tama iti | teṣāṃ tādṛśī deva-pūjādi-pravṛttiḥ kiṃ sattva-saṃśritā | rajaḥ-saṃśritā vā | tamaḥ-saṃśritā vety arthaḥ | śraddhāyāḥ sattva-saṃśritā tarhi teṣām api sāttvikatvād yathoktātma-jñāne ‚dhikāraḥ syāt | anyathā neti praśna-tātparyārthaḥ
Madhusūdana
trividhāḥ karmānuṣṭhātāro bhavanti | kecic chāstra-vidhiṃ jñātvāpy aśraddhayā tam utsṛjya kāma-kāra-mātreṇa yat kiṃcid anutiṣṭhanti te sarva-puruṣārthāyogyatvād asurāḥ | kecit tu śāstra-vidhiṃ jñātvā śraddadhānatayā tad-anusāreṇaiva niṣiddhaṃ varjayanto vihitam anutiṣṭhanti te sarva-puruṣārtha-yogyatvād devā iti pūrvādhyāyānte siddham | ye tu śāstrīyaṃ vidhim ālasyādi-vaśād upekṣya śraddadhānatayaiva vṛddha-vyavahāra-mātreṇa niṣiddhaṃ varjayanto vihitam anutiṣṭhanti | te śāstrīya-vidhy-upekṣā-lakṣaṇenānsura-sādharmyeṇa śraddhā-pūrvakānuṣṭhāna-lakṣaṇena ca deva-sādharmyeṇānvitāḥ kim asureṣv antarbhavanti kiṃ vā deveṣv ity ubhaya-dharma-darśanād eka-koṭi-niścāyakādarśanāc ca sandihāno ‚rjuna uvāca ya iti |
ye pūrvādhyāye ta nirṇītā na devavac chāstrānusāriṇaḥ kintu śāstra-vidhiṃ śruti-smṛti-codanām utsṛjyālasyādi-vaśād anādṛtya nāsuravad aśraddadhānāḥ kiṃ tu vṛddha-vyavahārānusāreṇa śraddhayānvitā yajante deva-pūjādikaṃ kurvanti teṣāṃ tu śāstra-vidhy-upekṣā-śraddhābhyāṃ pūrva-niścita-devāsura-vilakṣaṇānāṃ niṣṭhā kā kīdṛśī teṣāṃ śāstra-vidhy-anapekṣā śraddhā-pūrvikā ca sā yajanādi-kriyā-vyavasthitiḥ | he kṛṣṇa bhaktāvakarṣaṇa ! kiṃ sattvaṃ sāttvikī | tathā sati sāttvikatvāt te devāḥ | āho iti pakṣāntare | kiṃ rajas tamo rājasī tāmsī ca | tathā sati rājasa-tāmasatvād asurās te sattvam ity ekā koṭiḥ | rajas tama ity aparā koṭir iti vibhāga-jñāpanāyāho-śabdaḥ
Viśvanātha
nanv āsura-sargam uktvā tad-upasaṃhāre –
yaḥ śāstra-vidhim utsṛjya vartate kāmacārataḥ |
na sa siddhim avāpnoti na sukhaṃ na parāṃ gatim ||[Gītā 16.24]
iti tvayoktam | tatrāham idaṃ jijñāsa ity āha ya iti | ye śāstra-vidhim utsṛjya kāma-cārato vartante kintu kāma-bhoga-rahitā eva śraddhayānvitāḥ santo yajante taop-yajña-jñāna-yajña-japa-yajñādikaṃ kurvanti | teṣāṃ kā niṣṭhā sthitiḥ kim ālambanam ity arthaḥ | tat kiṃ sattvam | āho svit rajaḥ | athavā tamas tad brūhīty arthaḥ
Baladeva
vedam adhītya tad-vidhinā tad-arthānutiṣṭhantaḥ śāstrīya-śraddhā-yuktā devāḥ | vedam avajñāya yathecchā-cāriṇo veda-bāhyās tv āsurā iti pūrvasminn adhyāye tvayoktam | atheyaṃ me jijñāsā ye śāstreti | ye janāḥ pāṭhato ‚rthataś ca durgamaṃ vedaṃ viditvālasyādinā tad-vidhim utsṛjya lokācāra-jātayā śraddhayānvitāḥ santo devādīn yajante, teṣāṃ śāstra-vidhy-upekṣā-śraddhābhyāṃ pūrva-nirṇīta-daivāsura-vilakṣaṇānāṃ kā niṣṭhā | sattvaṃ saṃśrayā teṣāṃ sthitir athavā rajas tamaḥ saṃśrayeti koṭi-dvayāvabodhāyāho-śabdo madhye niveśitaḥ
BhG 17.2
śrī-bhagavān uvāca
tri-vidhā bhavati śraddhā dehināṃ sā sva-bhāva-jā
sāttvikī rājasī caiva tāmasī ceti tāṃ śṛṇu
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syntax
śrī-bhagavān (the glorious Lord) uvāca (he spoke):
dehinām (of the embodied ones) sāttvikī (sattvic) rājasī (rajasic) tāmasī ca iti (and tamasic)
tri-vidhā śraddhā (threefold faith) bhavati (it is).
sā (this) sva-bhāva-jā eva (indeed born from one’s one nature) [asti] (it is).
[tvam] (you) tām (to that) śṛṇu (you must listen).
grammar
| śrī-bhagavān | – | śrī-bhagavant 1n.1 m.; TP: śriyā yukto bhagavān iti – the Lord united with majesty (from: śrī – lustre, majesty, fortune; √bhaj – to share, to love, to rejoice, to worship, bhaga – a share, good fortune, opulence; -mant / -vant – suffix denoting one who possesses, bhagavant – who possesses opulence); |
| uvāca | – | √vac (to speak) Perf. P 1v.1 – he spoke; |
| tri-vidhā | – | tri-vidha 1n.1 f. – threefold, of three parts (from: tri – three; vi-√dhā – to divide, vidhā – division, part); |
| bhavati | – | √bhū (to be) Praes. P 1v.1 – it is; |
| śraddhā | – | śraddhā 1n.1 f. – faith (from: śrat – in compounds: faith; √dhā – to put [faith]; śraddhā – faith, confidence); |
| dehinām | – | dehin 6n.3 m. – of the embodied ones (from: √dih – to anoint, to smear, deha – a form, shape, body; dehin = dehavant = dehābhimānin – who possesses a body, thinking about oneself as a body); |
| sā | – | tat sn. 1n.1 f. – that; |
| sva-bhāva-jā | – | sva-bhāva-ja 1n.1 f. – born from one’s own nature (from: sva – own; bhāva – being, existence, nature, sva-bhāva – own nature, natural state; √jan – to be born, ja – suffix: born); |
| sāttvikī | – | sāttvikī 1n.1 f. – pertaining to sattva, sattvic (from: √as – to be, PPr sant – being, existing, true, the essence, abst. sattva – being, essence, wisdom, spirit, one of the three guṇas); |
| rājasī | – | rājaī 1n.1 f. – pertaining to rajas, rajasic (from: √rañj – to be dyed, be excited, be delighted, rajas – coloured, dust, passion, one of the three guṇas); |
| ca | – | av. – and; |
| eva | – | av. – certainly, just, merely; |
| tāmasī | – | tāmasī 1n.1 f. – pertaining to tamas, tamasic (from: √tam – to choke, to faint, to perish, to stop; tamas – darkness, gloom, dullness, passivity, one of the three guṇas); |
| ca | – | av. – and; |
| iti | – | av. – thus (used to close the quotation); |
| tām | – | tat sn. 2n.1 f. – that; |
| śṛṇu | – | √śru (to hear, to listen) Imperat. P 2v.1 – you must listen; |
Śāṃkara
sāmānya-viṣayo’yaṃ praśno nāpravibhajrya prativacanam arhatīti śrībhagavānuvāca—
tri-vidhā tri-prakārā bhavati śraddhā | yasyāṃ niṣṭhāyāṃ tvaṃ pṛcchasi | dehināṃ śarīriṇāṃ sā svabhāva-jā | janmāntara-kṛto dharmādi-saṃskāro maraṇa-kāle’bhivyaktaḥ svabhāva ucyate, tato jātā svabhāva-jā | sāttvikī sattva-nirvṛttā deva-pūjādi-viṣayā | rājasī rajo-nirvṛttā yakṣa-rakṣaḥ-pūjādi-viṣayā | tāmasī tamo-nirvṛttā preta-piśācādi-pūjā-viṣayā | evaṃ tri-vidhāṃ tām ucyamānāṃ śraddhāṃ śṛṇv avadhāraya
Rāmānuja
evaṃ pṛṣṭo bhagavān aśāstravihitaśraddhāyās tatpūrvakasya ca yāgāder niṣphalatvaṃ hṛdi nidhāya śāstrīyasyaiva yāgāder guṇatas traividhyaṃ pratipādayituṃ śāstrīyaśraddhāyāḥ traividhyaṃ tāvad āha
sarveṣāṃ dehināṃ śraddhā trividhā bhavati / sā ca svabhāvajā svabhāvaḥ svāsādhāraṇo bhāvaḥ, prācīnavāsanānimittaḥ tattadruciviśeṣaḥ / yatra ruciḥ tatra śraddhā jāyate / śraddhā hi svābhimataṃ sādhayaty etad iti viśvāsapūrvikā sādhane tvarā / vāsanā ruciś ca śraddhā cātmadharmāḥ guṇasaṃsargajāḥ; teṣām ātmadharmāṇāṃ vāsanādīnāṃ janakāḥ dehendriyāntaḥkaraṇaviṣayagatā dharmāḥ kāryaikanirūpaṇīyāḥ sattvādayo guṇāḥ sattvādiguṇayuktadehādyanubhavajā ityarthaḥ / tataś ceyaṃ śraddhā sāttvikī rājasī tāmasī ceti trividhā / tām imāṃ śraddhāṃ śṛṇu; sā śraddhā yat svabhāvā, taṃ svabhāvaṃ śṛṇv ityarthaḥ
Śrīdhara
atrottaraṃ śrī-bhagavān uvāca trividheti | ayam arthaḥ śāstra-tattva-jñānataḥ pravartamānānāṃ parameśvara-pūjā-viṣayā sāttvikī ekavidhaiva bhavati śraddhā | lokācāra-mātreṇa tu pravartamānānāṃ dehināṃ yā śraddhā sā tu sāttvikī rājasī tāmasī ceti trividhā bhavati | tatra hetuḥ svabhāvajā | svabhāvaḥ pūrva-karma-saṃskāraḥ | tasmāj jātā | svabhāvam anyathā kartuṃ samarthaṃ śāstrotthaṃ viveka-jñānam | tat tu teṣāṃ nāsti | ataḥ kevalaṃ pūrva-svabhāvena bhavantī śraddhā trividhā bhavati | tām imāṃ trividhāṃ śraddhāṃ śṛṇv iti | tad uktaṃ vyavasāyātmikā buddhir ekeha kurunandana ity ādinā
Madhusūdana
ye śāstra-vidhim utsṛjya śraddhayā yajante te śraddhā-bhedād bhidyante | tatra ye sāttvikyā śraddhayānvitās te devāḥ śāstrokta-sādhane ‚dhikriyante tat-phalena cayujyante | ye tu rājasyā tāmasyā ca śraddhayānvitās te ‚surā na śāstrīya-sādhane ‚dhikriyante na vā tat-phalena yujyanta iti vivekenārjunasya sandeham apaninīṣuḥ śraddhā-bhedaṃ śrī-bhagavān uvāca tri-vidheti | yathā śraddhayānvitāḥ śāstra-vidhim utsṛjya yajante sā dehināṃ svabhāvajā, janmāntara-kṛto dharmādharmādi-śubhāśubha-saṃskāra idānīntana-janmārambhakaḥ svabhāvaḥ | sa tri-vidhaḥ sāttviko rājasas tāmasaś ceti | tena janitā śraddhā tri-vidhā bhavati sāttvikī rājasī tāmasī ca | kāraṇānurūpatvāt kāryasya | yā tv ārabdhe janmani śāstra-saṃskāra-mātrajā viduṣāṃ sā kāraṇaika-rūpatvād eka-rūpā sāttviky eva | na rājasī tāmasī ceti prathama-ca-kārārthaḥ | śāstra-nirapekṣā tu prāṇi-mātra-sādhāraṇī svabhāva-jā | saiva svabhāva-traividhyāt trividhety eva-kārārthaḥ | ukta-vidhā-traya-samuccayārthaś caramaś ca-kāraḥ | yataḥ prāg-bhavīya-vāsanākhya-svabhāvasyābhibhāvakaṃ śāstrīyaṃ viveka-vijñānam anādṛta-śāstrāṇāṃ dehināṃ nāsti atas teṣāṃ svabhāva-vaśāt tridhā bhavantīṃ tāṃ śraddhāṃ śṛṇu | śrutvā ca devāsura-bhāvaṃ svayam evāvadhārayety arthaḥ
Viśvanātha
bho arjuna prathamaṃ śāstra-vidhim utsṛjya yajatāṃ niṣṭhāṃ śṛṇu | paścāt śāstra-vidhi-tyāgināṃ niṣṭhāṃ te vakṣyāmīty āha trividheti | svabhāvaḥ prācīna-saṃskāra-viśeṣas tasmāj jātā śraddhā | sā ca trividhā
Baladeva
evaṃ pṛṣṭo bhagavān uvāca trividheti | ālasyāt kleśāc ca śāstra-vidhim utsṛjya ye śraddhayā devādīn yajante dehinaḥ | sā teṣāṃ svabhāvajā bodhyā prāktanaḥ śubhāśubha-saṃskāraḥ svabhāvas tasmāj jātety arthaḥ | anādi-triguṇa-prakṛti-saṃsṛṣṭānāṃ dehinām anādito ‚nāvṛttasya saṃsārasya sāttvikatvādinā traividhyāt taj-jāta-śraddhāpi trividhety āha sāttvikītyādi | svabhāvam anyathayituṃ samarthā khalu sad-upadiṣṭa-śāstra-janyā viveka-saṃvit sā teṣāṃ nāsty ataḥ svabhāvajā śraddhā trividhā bhavati | tādṛk-śāstra-janyā śraddhā tv anyaiva yathā tad-ukti-vidhinaiva tad-arthānuṣṭhānam
BhG 17.3
sattvānurūpā sarvasya śraddhā bhavati bhārata
śraddhā-mayo ‘yaṃ puruṣo yo yac-chraddhaḥ sa eva saḥ
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syntax
he bhārata (O descendant of Bhārata!),
sarvasya (of all) śraddhā (faith) sattvānurūpā (according to being) bhavati (it is).
ayam puruṣaḥ (that person) śraddhā-mayaḥ (made of faith) [asti] (it is),
yaḥ (he who) yac-chraddhaḥ (who has such faith),
saḥ (he) saḥ eva (just he).
grammar
| sattvānurūpā | – | sattva-anurūpā 1n.1 f.; sattvasya anurūpeti – according to being (from: √as – to be, PPr sant – being, existing, true, the essence, abst. sattva – being, essence, wisdom, spirit, one of the three guṇas; √rūp – to form, anu-rūpa – following the form, suitable, like); |
| sarvasya | – | sarva sn. 6n.1 m. – of all; |
| śraddhā | – | śraddhā 1n.1 f. – faith, confidence (from: śrat – in compounds: faith; √dhā – to put [faith]); |
| bhavati | – | √bhū (to be) Praes. P 1v.1 – it is; |
| bhārata | – | bhārata 8n.1 m. – O descendant of Bhārata; |
| śraddhā-mayaḥ | – | śraddhā-maya 1n.1 m. – made of faith (from: śrat – in compounds: faith; √dhā – to put [faith]; śraddhā – faith, confidence; –maya – in compounds: made of, of the nature of); |
| ayam | – | idam sn. 1n.1 m. – he; |
| puruṣaḥ | – | puruṣa 1n.1 m. – a person (from: √pur – to precede, to lead or √pṝ – to fill, to nourish, puru – abundance, pūru – people); |
| yaḥ | – | yat sn. 1n.1 m. – he who; |
| yac-chraddhaḥ | – | yac-chraddha 1n.1 m.; BV: yasya yā śraddhāsti saḥ – who has such faith (from: śrat – in compounds: faith; √dhā – to put [faith]; śraddhā – faith, confidence); |
| saḥ | – | tat sn. 1n.1 m. – he; |
| eva | – | av. – certainly, just, merely; |
| saḥ | – | tat sn. 1n.1 m. – he; |
textual variants
sarvasya → sattvasya (of being);
bhārata → dehinām (of the embodied one);
yac-chraddhaḥ → yaḥ śraddhaḥ (who has faith);
Śāṃkara
sā iyaṃ trividhā bhavati—
sattvānurūpā viśiṣṭa-saṃskāropetāntaḥ-karaṇānurūpā sarvasya prāṇi-jātasya śraddhā bhavati bhārata | yady evaṃ tataḥ kiṃ syāt ? ity ucyate—śraddhā-mayo’yaṃ śraddhā-prāyaḥ puruṣaḥ saṃsārī jīvaḥ | kathaṃ ? yo yac-chraddho yā śraddhā yasya jīvasya sa yac-chraddhaḥ sa eva tac-chraddhānurūpa eva sa jīvaḥ
Rāmānuja
sattvam antaḥkaraṇam / sarvasya puruṣasyāntaḥkaraṇānurūpā śraddhā bhavati / antaḥkaraṇaṃ yādṛśaguṇayuktam, tadviṣayā śraddhā jāyata ityarthaḥ / sattvaśabdaḥ pūrvoktānāṃ dehendriyādīnāṃ pradarśanārthaḥ / śraddhāmayo ‚yaṃ puruṣaḥ / śraddhāmayaḥ śraddhāpariṇāmaḥ / yo yacchraddhaḥ yaḥ puruṣo yādṛśyā śraddhayā yuktaḥ, sa eva saḥ sa tādṛśaśraddhāpariṇāmaḥ / puṇyakarmaviṣaye śraddhāyuktaś cet, puṇyakarmaphalasaṃyukto bhavatīti śraddhāpradhānaḥ phalasaṃyoga ityuktaṃ bhavati
Śrīdhara
nanu ca śraddhā sāttviky eva sattva-kāryatvena tvayaiva śrī-bhāgavate uddhavaṃ prati nirdiṣṭatvāt | yathoktaṃ –
śamo damas titikṣejyā tapaḥ satyaṃ dayā smṛtiḥ |
tuṣṭis tyāgo ‚spṛhā śraddhā hrīr dayā nirvṛttir dhṛtiḥ ||[BhP 11.25.2]
ity etāḥ sattvasya vṛttayaḥ | iti |
atha kathaṃ tasyās traividhyam ucyate | satyam | tathāpi rajas-tamo-yukta-puruṣāśrayatvena rajas-tamo-miśritatvena sattvasya traividhyāc chraddhāyāpi traividhyaṃ ghaṭate ity āhasattvānurūpeti | sattvānurūpā sattva-tāratamyānusāriṇī sarvasya vivekino ‚vivekino lokasya śraddhā vikriata ity arthaḥ | tad evāha yo yac chraddhaḥ yādṛśī śraddhā yasya | sa eva saḥ | tādṛśa-śraddhā-yukta eva saḥ | yaḥ pūrvaṃ sattvotkarṣeṇa sāttvika-śraddhayā yuktaḥ puruṣaḥ sa punas tādṛśa-sva-saṃskāreṇa sāttvika-śraddhayāyukta eva bhavati | yas tu rajasa utkarṣeṇa rājasa-śraddhayā yuktaḥ sa punas tādṛśa eva bhavati | yas tu tamasa utkarṣeṇa tāmasa-śraddhayā yuktaḥ sa punas tādṛśa eva bhavati | lokācāra-mātreṇa pravartamāneṣv evaṃ sāttvika-rājasa-tāmasa-śraddhā-vyavasthā | śāstra-janita-viveka-jñāna-yuktānāṃ tu svabhāva-vijayena sāttvikī ekaiva śraddheti prakaraṇārthaḥ
Madhusūdana
prāg-bhavīyāntaḥ-karaṇa-gata-vāsanā-rūpa-nimitta-kāraṇa-vaicitryeṇa śraddhā-vaicitryam uktvā tad-upādāna-kāraṇāntaḥ-karaṇa-vaicitryeṇāpi tad-vaicitryam āha sattveti | sattvaṃ prakāśa-śīlatvāt sattva-pradhāna-triguṇāpañcīkṛta-pañca-mahā-bhūtārabdham antaḥ-karaṇam | tac ca kvacid udrikta-sattvam eva yathā devānām | kvacid rajasābhibhūta-sattvaṃ yathā yakṣādīnām | kvacit tamasābhibhūta-sattvaṃ yathā preta-bhūtādīnām | manuṣyāṇāṃ tu prāyeṇa vyāmiśram eva | tac ca śāstrīya-viveka-jñānenodbhūta-sattvaṃ rajas-tamasī abhibhūya kriyate | śāstrīya-viveka-vijñāna-śūnyasya tu sarvasya prāṇi-jātasya sattvānurūpā śraddhā sattva-vaicitryād vicitrā bhavati, sattva-pradhāne ‚ntaḥ-karaṇe sāttvikī | rajaḥ-pradhāne tasmin rājasī tamaḥ-pradhāne tu tasmiṃs tāmasīti | he bhārata mahā-kula-prasūta jñāna-nirateti vā śuddha-sāttvikatvaṃ dyotayati | yat tvayā pṛṣṭaṃ teṣāṃ niṣṭā keti tatrottaraṃ śṛṇu | ayaṃ śāstrīya-jñāna-śūnyaḥ karmādhikṛtaḥ puruṣas triguṇāntaḥ-karaṇa-sampiṇḍitaḥ śraddhā-mayaḥ prācuryeṇāsmin śraddhā prakṛteti tat-prastuta-vacane mayaṭ | ananya-mayo yajña itivat | ato yo yac-chradho yā sāttvikī rājasī tāmasī vā śraddhā yasya sa eva śraddhānurūpa eva sa sāttviko rājasas tāmaso vā | śraddhayaiva niṣṭhā vyākhyātety abhiprāyaḥ
Viśvanātha
sattvam antaḥkaraṇaṃ trividhaṃ sāttvikaṃ rājasaṃ tāmasaṃ ca | tad-anurūpā sāttvikāntaḥkaraṇānāṃ sāttviky eva śraddhā | rājasāntaḥkaraṇānāṃ rājasy eva | tāmasāntaḥkaraṇānāṃ tāmasy evety arthaḥ | yac-chraddho yasmin yajanīye deve ‚sure rākṣase vā śraddhāvān yo bhavati | sa sa eva bhavati tat tac chabdenaiva vyapadiśyata ity arthaḥ
Baladeva
yadyapi śraddhā sattva-guṇa-vṛttis tathāpy antaḥ-karaṇa-dharmasya svabhāvasyāntaḥ-karaṇasya ca dharmiṇas traividhyāt tad-uditāyās tasyās traividhyaṃ siddhyed iti bhāvenāha sattvānurūpeti | sattvam antaḥkaraṇaṃ triguṇātmakaṃ tad-anurūpā sarvasya prāṇijātasya śraddhā bhavati | sattva-pradhānāntaḥkaraṇasya śraddhā sāttvikī | rajaḥ-pradhānāntaḥkaraṇasya tu rājasī | tamaḥpradhānāntaḥkaraṇasya tu śraddhā tāmasīti | ato ‚yaṃ pūjya-pūjaka-rūpo laukikaḥ puruṣaḥ śraddhāmayas trividha-śraddhā-pracuro yaḥ puruṣo yac-chraddho yasmin pūjye devādau yakṣādau pretādau ca śraddhāvān bhavati | sa pūjako ‚pi sa eva tat-tac-chabdena vyapadeśya pūjya-guṇavān pūjaka ity arthaḥ
BhG 17.4
yajante sāttvikā devān yakṣa-rakṣāṃsi rājasāḥ
pretān bhūta-gaṇāṃś cānye yajante tāmasā janāḥ
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syntax
sāttvikāḥ (those sattvic) devān (divinities) yajante (they worship),
rājasāḥ (those rajasic) yakṣa-rakṣāṁsi (yakṣas and rakṣāsas) [yajante] (they worship),
anye ca tāmasāḥ janāḥ (and other tamasic people) pretān bhūta-gaṇān (departed and hosts of spirits) yajante (they worship).
grammar
| yajante | – | √yaj (to consecrate, to sacrifice, to worship) Praes. Ā 1v.3 – they worship, they offer in sacrifice; |
| sāttvikāḥ | – | sāttvika 1n.3 m. – pertaining to sattva, sattvic (from: √as – to be, PPr sant – being, existing, true, the essence, abst. sattva – being, essence, wisdom, spirit, one of the three guṇas); |
| devān | – | deva 2n.3 m. – the gods, divinities (from: √div – to shine, to play); |
| yakṣa-rakṣāṁsi | – | yakṣa-rakṣas 2n.3 n.; DV: yakṣān ca rākṣasaś ceti – yakṣas and rakṣāsas (from: √yakṣ – to speed on, yakṣa – heavenly being, a servant of Kuvera; √rakṣ – to protect, rakṣas – protector, evil being, forest demons eating humans); |
| rājasāḥ | – | rājasa 1n.3 m. – related to rajas, rajasic (from: √rañj – to be dyed, be excited, be delighted, rajas – coloured, dust, passion, one of the three guṇas); |
| pretān | – | preta (pra-√i – to go away, to die) PP 2n.3 n. – who are gone, departed, dead; |
| bhūta-gaṇān | – | bhūta-gaṇa 2n.3 n.; TP: bhūtānāṁ gaṇān iti – hosts of spirits (from: √bhū – to be, PP bhūta – been, real, world; √gaṇ – to count, to sum up, gaṇa – group, flock, troop, series, class); |
| ca | – | av. – and; |
| anye | – | anya sn. 1n.3 m. – others; |
| yajante | – | √yaj (to consecrate, to sacrifice, to worship) Praes. Ā 1v.3 – they worship, they offer in sacrifice; |
| tāmasāḥ | – | tāmasa 1n.3 m. – related to tamas, tamasic (from: √tam – to choke, to faint, to perish, to stop; tamas – darkness, gloom, dullness, passivity, one of the three guṇas); |
| janāḥ | – | jana 1n.3 m. – people, men (from: √jan – to be born, to produce); |
textual variants
sāttvikā → sāttvikān ([they worship] the sattvic);
rājasāḥ → rākṣasāḥ (rakṣāsas);
pretān bhūta-gaṇāṁś cānye → bhūta-preta-piśācāṁś ca / tān pretān piśacāṁś ca / bhūtān preta-gaṇāṁś cānte (and spirits, departed and demons / those departed and demons / and other spiritsand hosts of departed);
Śāṃkara
tataś ca kāryeṇa liṅgena devādipūjayā sattvādiniṣṭhānumeyā ity āha—
yajante pūjayanti sāttvikāḥ sattva-niṣṭhā devān, yakṣa-rakṣāṃsi rājasāḥ, pretān bhūta-gaṇāṃś ca sapta-mātṛkādīṃś cānye yajante tāmasāḥ janāḥ
Rāmānuja
tad eva vivṛṇoti
sattvaguṇapracurāḥ sāttvikyā śraddhayā yuktāḥ devān yajante / duḥkhāsaṃbhinnotkṛṣṭasukhahetubhūtadevayāgaviṣayā śraddhā sāttvikītyuktaṃ bhavati / rājasā yakṣarakṣāṃsi yajante / anye tu tāmasā janāḥ pretān bhūtagaṇān yajante / duḥkhasaṃbhinnālpasukhajananī rājasī śraddhā; duḥkhaprāyātyalpasukhajananī tāmasītyarthaḥ
Śrīdhara
sāttvikādi-bhedam eva kārya-bhedena prapañcayati yajanta iti | sāttvikā janāḥ sattva-prakṛtīn devān eva yajante pūjayanti | rājasās tu rajaḥ-prakṛtīn yakṣān rakṣasāṃś ca yajante | etebhyo ‚nye vilakṣaṇās tāmasā janās tāmasān eva pretān bhūta-gaṇāṃś ca yajante | sattvādi-prakṛtīnāṃ tat-tad-devādīnāṃ pūjā-rucibhis tat-tat-pūjakānāṃ sāttvikāditvaṃ jñātavyam ity arthaḥ
Madhusūdana
śraddhā jñātā satī niṣṭhāṃ jñāpayiṣyati | kenopāyena sā jñāyatām ity apekṣite deva-pūjādikārya-liṅgenānumeyety āha yajanta iti | janāḥ śāstrīya-viveka-hīnā ye svābhāvikyā śraddhayā devān vasu-rudrādīn sāttvikān yajante te ‚nye sāttvikā jñeyāḥ | ye ca yakṣān kuverādīn rakṣāṃsi ca rākṣasān nirṛti-prabhṛtīn rājasān yajante te ‚nye rājasā jñeyāḥ | ye ca pretān viprādayaḥ svadharmāt pracyutā deha-pātād ūrdhvaṃ vāyavīyaṃ deham āpannā ulkāmukha-kaṭa-pūtanādi-saṃjñāḥ pretā bhavantīti manūktān piśāca-viśeṣān vā bhūta-gaṇāṃś ca sapta-mātṛkādīṃś ca tāmasān yajante te ‚nye tāmasā jñeyāḥ | anya iti padaṃ triṣv api vailakṣaṇya-dyotanāya sambadhyate
Viśvanātha
uktam arthaṃ spaṣṭayati sāttvikāntaḥ-karaṇāḥ sāttvikyā śraddhayā sāttvika-śāstra-vidhinā sāttvikān devān eva yajante | deveṣv eva śraddhāvattvād devā evocyante | evaṃ rājasā rājasāntaḥ-karaṇā ity ādi vivaritavyam
Baladeva
kārya-bhedena sāttvikādi-bhedaṃ prapañcayati yajanta iti | śāstrīya-viveka-saṃvid-vihīnā ye janāḥ svabhāva-jayā śraddhayā devān sāttvikān vasu-rudrādīn yajante te ‚nye rājasāḥ | ye pretān bhūta-gaṇāṃś ca tāmasā yajante te ‚nye tāmasāḥ | dvijāḥ svadharma-vibhraṣṭā deha-pātottara-labdha-vāyavīya-dehā ulkāmukha-kaṭa-pūtanādi-saṃjñāḥ pretā manūktāḥ piśāca-viśeṣā veti vyākhyātāraś cāt sapta-mātṛkādayaḥ | evam ālasyāt tyakta-veda-vidhīnāṃ svabhāvān sāttvikādyā nirūpitāḥ | ete ca balavad vaidika-sat-prasaṅgāt svabhāvān vijitya kadācid vede ‚py adhikṛto bhavantīti bodhyam
BhG 17.5-6
aśāstra-vihitaṃ ghoraṃ tapyante ye tapo janāḥ
dambhāhaṃkāra-saṃyuktāḥ kāma-rāga-balānvitāḥ
karśayantaḥ śarīra-sthaṃ bhūta-grāmam acetasaḥ
māṃ caivāntaḥ-śarīra-sthaṃ tān viddhy āsura-niścayān
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ye dambhāhaṁkāra-saṁyuktāḥ (endowed with deceit and egotism) kāma-rāga-balānvitāḥ (endowed with the power of desire and passion) acetasaḥ janāḥ (mindless people) śarīra-stham (situated in the body) bhūta-grāmam (host of beings) mām ca antaḥ-śarīra-stham (and me situated inside the body) karśayantaḥ (who are making emaciated) aśāstra-vihitam ghoram tapaḥ (terrible and not prescribed by scriptures austerity) tapyante (they undergo),
[tvam] (you) tān (them) āsura-niścayān (as with demoniac resolve) viddhi (you must know).
grammar
| aśāstra-vihitam | – | a-śāstra-vihita 2n.1 n.; TP: yac chāstrena vihitam nāsti tat – not prescribed by scriptures (from: √śās – to teach, śāstra – order, precept, teaching, scripture; vi-√dhā – to put, to arrange, PP vi-hita – placed, held, prescribed); |
| ghoram | – | ghora 2n.1 n. – terrible, ghastly (from: √ghur – to cry frightfully); |
| tapyante | – | √tap (to scorch) Praes. Ā 1v.3 – they scorch, they undergo austerity; |
| ye | – | yat sn. 1n.3 m. – those who; |
| tapaḥ | – | tapas 2n.1 n. – heat, austerity (from: √tap – to scorch); |
| janāḥ | – | jana 1n.3 m. – people, men (from: √jan – to be born, to produce); |
| dambhāhaṁkāra-saṁyuktāḥ | – | dambha-ahaṁ-kāra-saṁyukta 1n.1 m.; DV / TP: dambhena cāhaṁ-karena ca saṁyuktā iti – endowed with deceit and egotism (from: √dabh – to deceive, to destroy, dambha – deceit, feigning, hypocrisy; aham – I; √kṛ – to do, kāra – a doer; ahaṁ-kāra – ego, egotism, pride; √yuj – to yoke, to join, to engage, PP saṁ-yukta – yoked, endowed with); |
| kāma-rāga-balānvitāḥ | – | kāma-rāga-bala-anvita 1n.1 m.; DV / TP: kāmasya ca rāgasya ca balenānvitā iti – endowed with the power of desire and passion (from: √kam – to wish, to love, to long for, kāma – wish, desire, pleasure; √rañj – to be dyed, be excited, be delighted, rāga – colour, passion, affection, love, beauty; bala – strength, force; anu-√i – to go along, PP anv-ita – endowed: with what? – requires instrumental); |
*****
| karśayantaḥ | – | karśayant (√kṛś – to become lean, emaciated) caus. PPr 1n.3 m. – who are making emaciated; |
| śarīra-stham | – | śarīra-stha 2n.1 m.; yaḥ śarīre tiṣṭhati tam – one situated in the body (from: √śri – to lean on, to rest on; or from: √śṝ – to break, to crush, śarīra – easy to be destroyed, the body; √sthā – to stand, -stha – suffix: being in); |
| bhūta-grāmam | – | bhūta-grāma 2n.1 m.; TP: bhūtānāṁ grāmam iti – hosts of beings, pile of elements (from: √bhū – to be, PP bhūta – been, real, world; grāma – collection, multitude, village); |
| acetasaḥ | – | a-cetas 1n.3 m. – unconscious, insensible, unthinking (from: √cit – to perceive, to think; cetas – mind, thought, heart, consciousness); |
| mām | – | asmat sn. 2n.1 – me; |
| ca | – | av. – and; |
| eva | – | av. – certainly, just, merely; |
| antaḥ-śarīra-stham | – | antaḥ-śarīra-stha 2n.1 m.; yaḥ śarīrasyāntaḥ tiṣṭhati tam – one who is situated inside the body (from: av. antar – inside, within, pośrodku; √śri – to lean on, to rest on; or from: √śṝ – to break, to crush, śarīra – easy to be destroyed, the body; √sthā – to stand, -stha – suffix: being in); |
| tān | – | tat sn. 2n.3 m. – them; |
| viddhi | – | √vid (to know, to understand) Imperat. P 2v.1 – you must know; |
| āsura-niścayān | – | āsura-niścaya 2n.3 m.; BV: yeṣām āsuro niścayo ‘sti tān – whose resolves are demoniac (from: asura – opponent of the heavenly, demon; āsura – demoniac, pertaining to the opponents of divinites; niś-√ci – to ascertain, to determine, niś-caya – certainty, fixed opinion); |
textual variants
tapyante ye tapo janāḥ → taps tapyaṁti ye janāḥ / taps tapsyaṁti ye janāḥ (those people who undergo austerity / those people who will undergo austerity);
dambhāhaṁkāra-saṁyuktāḥ → dambho ‘haṁkāra-saṁyuktāḥ (deceit, endowed with egotism);
karśayantaḥ → karṣayaṁtaḥ (dragging, torturing);
acetasaḥ → acetanaṁ / acetasaṁ / acetanāḥ (mindless [pile of elements] / mindless [pile of elements] / they mindless);
Śāṃkara
evaṃ kāryato nirṇītāḥ sattvādi-niṣṭhāḥ śāstra-vidhy-utsarge | tatra kaścid eva sahasreṣu deva-pūjādi-paraḥ sattva-niṣṭho bhavati, bāhulyena tu rajo-niṣṭhās tamo-niṣṭhāś caiva prāṇino bhavanti | kathaṃ ?—
aśāstra-vihitaṃ na śāstra-vihitam aśāstra-vihitaṃ ghoraṃ pīḍā-karaṃ prāṇinām ātmanaś ca tapas tapyante nirvartayanti ye janās te ca dambhāhaṃkāra-saṃyuktāḥ | dambhaś cāhaṃkāraś ca dambhāhaṃkārau, tābhyāṃ saṃyuktāḥ dambhāhaṃkāra-saṃyuktāḥ, kāma-rāga-balānvitāḥ kāmaś ca rāgaś ca kāma-rāgau tat-kṛtaṃ balaṃ kāma-rāga-balaṃ tenānvitāḥ kāma-rāga-balānvitāḥ |
karśayantaḥ kṛśī-kurvantaḥ śarīra-sthaṃ bhūta-grāmaṃ karaṇa-samudāyam acetaso ’vivekinaḥ māṃ caiva tat-karma-buddhi-sākṣi-bhūtam antaḥ-śarīra-sthaṃ nārāyaṇaṃ karśayantaḥ, mad-anuśāsanākaraṇam eva mat-karśanam | tān viddhy āsura-niścayān āsuro niścayo yeṣāṃ te āsura-niścayās tān pariharaṇārthaṃ viddhīti upadeśaḥ
Rāmānuja
evaṃ śāstrīyeṣv eva yāgādiṣu śraddhāyukteṣu guṇataḥ phalaviśeṣaḥ. aśāstrīyeṣu tapoyāgaprabhṛtiṣu madanuśāsanaviparītatvena na kaścid api sukhalavaḥ, api tv anartha eveti hṛdi nihitaṃ vyañjayan āha
aśāstravihitam atighoram api tapo ye janāḥ tapyante / pradarśanārtham idam / aśāstravihitaṃ bahvāyāsaṃ yāgādikaṃ ye kurvate, dambhāhaṃkārasaṃyuktāḥ kāmarāgabalānvitāḥ śarīrasthaṃ pṛthivyādibhūtasamūhaṃ karśayantaḥ, madaṃśabhūtaṃ jīvaṃ cāntaśśarīrasthaṃ karśayanto ye tapyante, yāgādikaṃ ca kurvate; tān āsuraniścayān viddhi / asurāṇāṃ niścaya āsuro niścayaḥ; asurā hi madājñāviparītakāriṇaḥ; madājñāviparītakāritvāt teṣāṃ sukhalavasaṃbandho na vidyate; api tvananarthavrāte patantīti pūrvam evoktam, „patanti narake ‚ścau” iti
Śrīdhara
rājasa-tāmaseṣv api punar viśeṣāntaram āha aśāstra-vihitam iti dvābhyām | śāstra-vidhim ajānanto ‚pi kecit prācīna-puṇya-saṃskāreṇa uttamāḥ sāttvikā eva bhavanti | kecin madhyamā rājasā bhavanti | adhamās tu tāmasā bhavanti | ye punar atyantaṃ manda-bhāgyās te gatānugatyā pāṣaṇḍa-saṅgena ca tad-ācārānuvartinaḥ santo ‚śāstra-vihitaṃ ghoraṃ bhūta-bhayaṅkaraṃ tapas tapyante kurvanti | tatra hetavaḥ dambhāhaṅkārābhyāṃ saṃyuktāḥ | tathā kāmo ‚bhilāṣaḥ | rāga āsaktiḥ | balam āgrahaḥ | etair anvitāḥ santaḥ | tān āsura-niścayān vidvīty uttareṇānvayaḥ |
kiṃ ca karśayanta iti | śarīra-sthaṃ prārambhakatvena dehe sthitaṃ bhūtānāṃ pṛthivy-ādīnāṃ grāmaṃ samūhaṃ karśayanto vṛthaiva upavāsādibhiḥ kṛśaṃ kurvanto ‚cetaso ‚vivekinaḥ | māṃ cāntaryāmitayāntaḥ-śarīra-sthaṃ deha-madhye sthitaṃ mad-ājñā-laṅghanenaiva karśayantaḥ | evaṃ ye tapaś caranti tān āsura-niścayān | āsuro ‚tikrūro niścayo yeṣāṃ tān viddhi
Madhusūdana
evam anādṛta-śāstrāṇāṃ sattvādi-niṣṭhā kāryato nirṇītā | tatra kecid rājasa-tāmasā api prāg-bhavīya-puṇya-paripākāt sāttvikā bhūtvā śāstrīya-sādhane ‚dhikriyante | ye tu durāgraheṇa durdaiva-paripāka-prāpta-durjana-saṅgādi-doṣeṇa ca rājasa-tāmasatāṃ na muñcanti te śāstrīya-mārgād bhraṣṭā asan-mārgānusaraṇeneha loke paratra ca duḥkha-bhāgina evety āha dvābhyām |
aśāstra-vihitaṃ śāstreṇa vedena pratyakṣeṇānumitena vā na vihitam aśāstreṇa buddhādy-āgamena bodhitaṃ vā ghoraṃ parasyātmanaḥ pīḍā-karaṃ tapas tapta-śilā-rohaṇādi tapyante kurvanti ye janāḥ | dambho dhārmikatva-khyāpanam ahaṃkāro ‚ham eva śreṣṭha iti durabhimānas tābhyāṃ samyag yuktāḥ, yogasya samyaktvam anāyāsena viyoga-jananā-sāmarthyaṃ kāme kāmyamāna-viṣaye yo rātgas tan-nimittaṃ balam atygra-duḥkha-sahana-sāmarthyaṃ tenānvitāḥ | kāmo viṣaye ‚bhilāṣaḥ | rāgaḥ sadā-tad-abhiniviṣṭatva-rūpo ‚bhiṣvaṅgaḥ | balam avaśyam idaṃ sādhayiṣyāmīty āgrahaḥ | tair anvitā iti vā | ata eva balad-duḥkha-darśane ‚py anivartamānāḥ, karśayantaḥ kṛśī-kurvanto vṛthopavāsādinā śarīra-sthaṃ bhūta-grāmaṃ dehendriya-saṃghātākāreṇa pariṇataṃ pṛthivyādi-bhūta-samudāyam acetaso viveka-śūnyā māṃ cāntaḥ-śarīra-sthaṃ bhoktṛ-rūpeṇa sthitaṃ bhogyasya śarīrasya kṛśīkaraṇena kṛśīkurvanta eva | māma antaryāmitvena śarīrāntaḥ-sthitaṃ buddhi-tad-vṛtti-sākṣi-bhūtam īśvaram ājñā-laṅghanena karśayanta iti vā | tān aihika-sarva-bhoga-vimukhān paratra cādhama-gati-bhāginaḥ sarva-puruṣārtha-bhraṣṭān āsura-niścayān āsuro viparyāsa-rūpo vedārtha-virodhī niścayo yeṣāṃ tān manuṣyatvena pratīyamānān apy asura-kārya-kāritvād asurān viddhi jānīhi pariharaṇāya | niścayasyāsuratvāt tat-pūrvikāṇāṃ sarvāsām antaḥ-karaṇa-vṛttīnām āsuratvam | asuratva-jāti-rahitānāṃ ca manuṣyāṇāṃ karmaṇaivāsuratvāt tān asurān viddhīti sākṣān noktam iti ca draṣṭavyam
Viśvanātha
yas tvayā pṛṣṭhaṃ ye śāstra-vidhim utsṛjya kāma-bhoga-rahitāḥ śraddhayā yajante teṣāṃ kā niṣṭhā iti | tasyottaram adhunā śṛṇv ity āha aśāstreti dvābhyām | ghoraṃ prāṇi-bhayaṅkaraṃ tapas tapyante kurvantīty-upalakṣaṇam idaṃ japa-yāgādikam apy aśāstrīyaṃ kurvanti | kāmācaraṇa-rāhityaṃ śraddhānvitatvaṃ ca svata eva labhyate | dambhāhaṅkāra-saṃyuktā iti | dambhāhaṅkārābhyāṃ vinā śāstra-vidhy-ullaṅghanānupapatteḥ | kāmaḥ svasyājarāmaratva-rājyādy-abhilāṣo rāgas tapasy āsaktir balaṃ hiraṇyakaśipu-prabhṛtīnām iva tapaḥ-karaṇa-sāmarthyam | tair anvitāḥ śarīra-stham ayambhakatvena deha-sthitam | bhūtānāṃ pṛthivyādīnāṃ grāmaṃ samūhaṃ karśayantaḥ kṛśī-kurvanto māṃ ca mad-aṃśa-bhūtaṃ jīvaṃ ca duḥkhayantaḥ | āsūya-niścayān asurāṇām eva niṣṭhāyāṃ sthitām ity arthaḥ
Baladeva
veda-bāhyānāṃ kadācid api durgater nistāro neti pūrvādhyāyoktaṃ dṛḍhayann āha aśāstreti dvābhyām | aśāstreṇa veda-viruddhena svāgamena vihitaṃ ghoraṃ para-pīḍakaṃ tapo ye tapyante kurvanti kāma-rāgo viṣaya-spṛhā balaṃ ca mayā śakyam etat siddhaiḥ kartum iti durāgrahaḥ śarīrastham ārambhakatayā śarīraṃ sthitaṃ bhūta-grāmaṃ pṛthivyādi-saṅghātaṃ karṣayanto vṛthopavāsādinā kṛśaṃ kurvanto ‚ntaḥ-śarīra-sthaṃ śarīra-madhya-gatāntaryāmiṇaṃ māṃ cāvajñayā karṣayanto ‚cetasaḥ śāstrīya-viveka-saṃvid-vihīnās tān veda-bāhyān āsura-niścayān niścayenāsurān viddhīti pūrvoktānāṃ teṣāṃ durgatir avarjanīyaiveti bhāvaḥ | svabhāvajayā śraddhayā yakṣa-rakṣaḥ-pretādīn yajatāṃ balavad-vaidika-sad-anugrahe sati śāstrīya-śraddhayāsura-bhāva-vināśaḥ syād eva | devān yajatāṃ tu vastutaḥ sāttvikatvāt tad-anugrahe sati śāstrīyā sulabheti sthitam
BhG 17.7
āhāras tv api sarvasya tri-vidho bhavati priyaḥ
yajñas tapas tathā dānaṃ teṣāṃ bhedam imaṃ śṛṇu
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syntax
sarvasya [janasya] (of all people) āhāraḥ api tu (even food) tri-vidhaḥ (of three kinds) priyaḥ (dear) bhavati (it is),
tathā (similarly) yajñaḥ (sacrifice) tapaḥ (austerity) dānam (charity) [tri-vidham priyam bhavati] (of three kinds is dear).
teṣām (of them) imam bhedam (to this division) śṛṇu (you must listen).
grammar
| āhāraḥ | – | āhāra 1n.1 m. – carrying near, fetching, taking food (from: ā-√hṛ – to fetch, to carry near); |
| tu | – | av. – but, then, or, and; |
| api | – | av. – although, moreover, besides, even; |
| sarvasya | – | sarva sn. 6n.1 n. – of all; |
| tri-vidhaḥ | – | tri-vidha 1n.1 m. – threefold, of three parts (from: tri – three; vi-√dhā – to divide, vidhā – division, part); |
| bhavati | – | √bhū (to be) Praes. P 1v.1 – it is; |
| priyaḥ | – | priya 1n.1 m. – liked, dear, pleasant (from: √prī – to please); |
| yajñaḥ | – | yajña 1n.1 m. – sacrifice, worship (from: √yaj – to consecrate, to sacrifice, to worship); |
| tapaḥ | – | tapas 1n.1 n. – heat, austerity (from: √tap – to scorch); |
| tathā | – | av. – in that manner, so, in like manner; |
| dānam | – | dāna 1n.1 n. – gift, charity (from: √dā – to give); |
| teṣām | – | tat sn. 6n.3 m. – of those; |
| bhedam | – | bheda 2n.1 m. – splitting, breaking, separation, division (from: √bhid – to split); |
| imam | – | idam sn. 2n.1 m. – this; |
| śṛṇu | – | √śru (to hear, to listen) Imperat. P 2v.1 – you must listen; |
Śāṃkara
āhāras tv api sarvasya bhoktuḥ prāṇinas tri-vidho bhavati priyaḥ iṣṭaḥ | tathā yajñas tathā tapas tathā dānam | teṣām āhārādīnāṃ bhedam imaṃ vakṣyamāṇaṃ sṛṇu
Rāmānuja
āhāro ‚pi sarvasya prāṇijātasya sattvādiguṇatrayānvayena trividhaḥ priyo bhavati / tathaiva yajño ‚pi trividhaḥ, tathā tapaḥ dānaṃ ca / teṣām bhedam imaṃ śṛṇu teṣām āhārayajñatapodānānāṃ sattvādibhedenemam ucyamānaṃ bhedaṃ śṛṇu
Śrīdhara
āhārādi-bhedād api sāttvikādi-bhedaṃ darśayitum āha āhāras tv ity ādi-trayodaśabhiḥ | sarvasyāpi janasya ya āhāro ‚nnādi sa tu yathāyathaṃ trividhaḥ priyo bhavati | tathā yajña-tapo-dānāni ca trividhāni bhavanti teṣāṃ vakṣyamānaṃ bhedam imaṃ śṛṇu | etac ca rājasa-tāmasāhāra-yajñādi-parityāgena sāttvikāhāra-yajñādi-sevayā sattva-vṛddhau yatna-kartavya ity etad arthaṃ kathyate
Madhusūdana
ye sāttvikās te devā ye tu rājasās tāmasāś ca te viparyastatvād asurā iti sthite sāttvikānām ādānāya rājasa-tāmasānāṃ hānāya cāhāra-yajña-tapo-dānānāṃ traividhyam āha āhāra iti | na kevalaṃ śraddhaiva trividhā | āhāro ‚pi sarvasya priyas trividha eva bhavati sarvasya triguṇātmakatvena caturthyāṃ vidhāyā asaṃbhavāt | yathā dṛṣṭārtha āhāras trividhas tathā yajña-tapo-dānānya-dṛṣṭārthāny api trividhāni | tatra yajñaṃ vyākhyāsyāmo dravya-devatā-tyāgaḥ iti kalpa-kārair devatoddeśena dravya-tyāgo yajña iti niruktaḥ | sa ca yajatinā juhotinā ca coditatvena yāgo homaś ceti dvividha uttiṣṭhad-dhomā vaṣaṭ-kāra-prayogāntā yājyāpuro ‚nuvākyāvanto yajataya upaviṣṭa-homaḥ svāhā-kāra-prayogāntā yājyāpuro ‚nuvākyārahitā juhotaya iti kalpa-kārair vyākhyāto yajña-śabdenoktaḥ | tapaḥ kāyendriya-śoṣaṇaṃ kṛcchra-cāndrāyaṇādi | dānaṃ parasvatvāpatti-phalakaḥ sva-svatva-tyāgaḥ | teṣām āhāra-yajña-tapo-dānānāṃ sāttvika-rājasa-tāmasa-bhedaṃ mayā vyākhyāyamānam imaṃ śṛṇu
Viśvanātha
tad evaṃ ye śāstra-vidhi-tyāginaḥ kāma-cāreṇa vartante pūrvādhyāyoktā ye cāsminn adhyāye āsura-śāstra-vidhinā yakṣa-rakṣaḥ-pretādīn yajante, ye cāśāstrīyaṃ tapa-ādikaṃ kurvanti te sarve āsura-sarga-madhya-gatā eva bhavantīti prakaraṇārthaḥ | tathāpy āhārādīnāṃ vakṣyamāṇānāṃ traividhyāt tadvatāṃ yathā-yogaṃ daivam āsuraṃ ca sargaṃ svayam eva vivicya jānīty āha āhāras tv ity ādi trayodaśabhiḥ
Baladeva
evaṃ sthite tad-āhārādīnām api traividhyam āha āhāras tv iti | śraddhāvat sarvasya priyo ‚nnādir āhāro ‚pi trividho bhavati | evaṃ yajñādīni ca trividhāni | teṣām āhārādīnāṃ caturṇām
BhG 17.8
āyuḥ-sattva-balārogya-sukha-prīti-vivardhanāḥ
rasyāḥ snigdhāḥ sthirā hṛdyā āhārāḥ sāttvika-priyāḥ
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syntax
āyuḥ-sattva-balārogya-sukha-prīti-vivardhanāḥ (which increase the length of life, being, strength, health, happiness and joy) rasyāḥ (tasty) snigdhāḥ (fatty) sthirāḥ (firm) hṛdyāḥ (pleasing) āhārāḥ (foods) sāttvika-priyāḥ (dear to the sattvic) [santi] (they are).
grammar
| āyuḥ-sattva-balārogya-sukha-prīti-vivardhanāḥ | – | āyuḥ-sattva-balārogya-sukha-prīti-vivardhana 1n.3 m.; DV / TP: āyuḥ sattvaṁ balam ārogyaṁ sukhaṁ prītiś cety eteṣāṁ vivardhanā iti – which increase the length of life, being, strength, health, happiness and joy (from: āyuḥ – life, vitality, health; √as – to be, PPr sant – being, existing, true, the essence, abst. sattva – being, essence, wisdom, spirit, one of the three guṇas; bala – strength, force; √ruj – to destroy, to harm, roga – sickness, āroga – absence of sickness, health; su – prefix: good, excellent, beautiful, virtuous; kha – cavity, hole, nave; su-kha – joy, happiness, literally: good hole in the nave [of a wheel through which an axis runs] that makes the moving smooth; or from: su-√sthā; opposite to: duḥkha – pain, difficulty; √prī – to please, prīti – delight, joy; √vṛdh – to grow, PP vi-vṛddha – grown, powerful, great, caus. vi-vardhana – increasing, making growth); |
| rasyāḥ | – | rasya 1n.3 m. – juicy, tasty (from: √ras – to taste, to relish, to love, rasa – juice, nectar, taste;); |
| snigdhāḥ | – | snigdha (√snih – to be adhesive, be attached) PP 1n.3 m. – fatty, glutinous, slippery (from: sneha – oil, viscidity, affection, fondness); |
| sthirāḥ | – | sthira 1n.3 m. – firm, hard, solid (from: √sthā – to stand); |
| hṛdyāḥ | – | hṛdyā 1n.3 m. – being in the heart, dear, cherished, pleasing (from: hṛt – heart); |
| āhārāḥ | – | āhāra 1n.3 m. – foods (from: ā-√hṛ – to fetch, to carry near); |
| sāttvika-priyāḥ | – | sāttvika-priya 1n.3 m.; sāttvikānāṁ [janānāṁ] priyā iti – dear to sattvic people (from: √as – to be, PPr sant – being, existing, true, the essence, abst. sattva – being, essence, wisdom, spirit, one of the three guṇas, sāttvika – pertaining to sattva, sattvic; √prī – to please, priya – liked, dear, pleasant); |
textual variants
āyuḥ-sattva-balārogya-sukha-prīti-vivardhanāḥ → āyuḥ-sattva-balārogyaḥ sukha-prīti-vivardhanaḥ ([giving] long life, being, strength and health, increasing happiness and joy);
rasyāḥ snigdhāḥ → rasyāḥ snigdhā / rasyāsnigdhāḥ / tasyāḥ snigdhāḥ / rasyā snigdhā (juicy and fatty);
rasyāḥ snigdhāḥ sthirā hṛdyā āhārāḥ sāttvika-priyāḥ → rasyaḥ snigdhaḥ sthiro hṛdya āhāraḥ sāttvika-priyaḥ (food dear to the sattvic is juicy fatty, firm and tasty);
Śāṃkara
āyuś ca sattvaṃ ca balaṃ ca ārogyaṃ ca sukhaṃ ca prītiś ca āyuḥ-sattva-balārogya-sukha-prītayas tāsāṃ vivardhanāḥ āyuḥ-sattva-balārogya-sukha-prīti-vivardhanāḥ | te ca rasyā rasopetāḥ, snigdhāḥ snehavantaḥ, sthirāś cira-kāla-sthāyino dehe, hṛdyāḥ hṛdaya-priyāḥ, āhārāḥ sāttvika-priyāḥ sāttvikasyeṣṭāḥ
Rāmānuja
sattvaguṇopetasya sattvamayā āhārāḥ priyā bhavanti / sattvamayāś cāhārā āyurvivardhanāḥ; punar api sattvasya vivardhanāḥ / sattvam antaḥkaraṇam; antaḥkaraṇakāryaṃ jñānam iha sattvaśabdenocyate / „sattvāt saṃjāyate jñānam” iti sattvasya jñānavivṛddhihetutvāt, āhāro ‚pi sattvamayo jñānavivṛddhihetuḥ / tathā balārogyayor api vivardhanāḥ / sukhaprītyor api vivardhanāḥ pariṇāmakāle svayam eva sukhasya vivardhanāḥ ;tathā prītihetubhūtakarmārambhadvāreṇa prītivardhanāḥ / rasyāḥ madhurarasopetāḥ / snigdhāḥ snehayuktāḥ / sthirāḥ sthirapariṇāmāḥ / hṛdyāḥ ramaṇīyaveṣāḥ / evaṃvidhāḥ sattvamayā āhārāḥ sāttvikasya puruṣasya priyāḥ
Śrīdhara
tatrāhāra-traividhyam āha āyur iti tribhiḥ | āyur jīvitam | sattvam utsāhaḥ | balaṃ śaktiḥ | ārogyaṃ roga-rāhityam | sukhaṃ citta-prasādaḥ | prītir abhiruciḥ | āyur-ādīnāṃ vivardhanāḥ viśeṣeṇa vṛddhi-karāḥ | te ca rasyā rasavantaḥ | snigdhāḥ sneha-yuktāḥ | sthirā dehe sārāṃśena cira-kālyāvasthāyinaḥ | hṛdyā dṛṣṭi-mātrād eva hṛdayaṅgamāḥ | evambhūtā āhārā bhakṣya-bhojyādayaḥ sāttvika-priyāḥ
Madhusūdana
āhāra-yajña-tapo-dānānāṃ bhedaḥ pañcadaśabhir vyākhyāyate | tatrāhāra-bheda āyur iti tribhiḥ | āyuś cirañjīvanaṃ sattvaṃ citta-dhairyaṃ balavati duḥkhe ‚pi nirvikāratvāpādakaṃ, balaṃ śarīra-sāmarthyaṃ svocite kārye śramābhāva-prayojakam | ārogyaṃ vyādhy-abhāvaḥ | sukhaṃ bhojanānantarāhlādas tṛptiḥ | prītir bhojana-kāle ‚nabhiruci-rāhityam icchautkaṭyaṃ teṣāṃ vivardhanā | viśeṣeṇa vṛddhi-hetavaḥ | rasyā āsvādyā madhura-rasa-pradhānāḥ | snigdhāḥ sahajenāgantukena vā snehena yuktāḥ | sthirā rasādy-aṃśena śarīre cira-kāla-sthāyinaḥ | hṛdyā hṛdayaṅgamā durgandhāśucitvādi-dṛṣṭādṛṣṭa-doṣa-śūnyāḥ | āhārāś carvya-coṣya-lehya-peyāḥ sāttvikānāṃ priyāḥ | etair liṅgaiḥ sāttvika jñeyāḥ sāttvikatvam abhilaṣadbhiś caita ādeyā ity arthaḥ
Viśvanātha
sāttvikāhāravatām āyur vardhata iti prasiddhaḥ | sattvam utsāhaḥ | rasyā iti kevala guḍādīnāṃ rasyatve ‚pi rūkṣatvam ata āha snigdhā iti | dugdha-phenādīnāṃ rasyatva-snigdhatve ‚pi asthairyam ata āha sthirā iti | panasa-phalādīnāṃ rasyatve snigdhatva-sthiratve ‚pi hṛd-udarādy-ahitatvam ata āha hṛdyā hṛd-udara-hitā iti | tena sa-gavya-śarkarā-śāli-godhūmānnādaya eva rasyatvādi-catuṣṭaya-guṇavattvāt sāttvika-loka-priyā jñeyās teṣāṃ priyatve saty eva sāttvikatvaṃ ca jñeyam | kiṃ ca guṇa-catuṣṭayavattve ‚pi apāvitrye sati sāttvika-priyatādarśanād atra pavitrā ity api viśeṣaṇaṃ deyam | tāmasa-priyeṣv amedhya-pada-darśanāt
Baladeva
tatra sāttvikāhāram āha āyuri iti | āyuś cira-jīvitam | sattvam citta-dhairyam | balaṃ deha-sāmarthyaṃ | sukhaṃ tṛptiḥ | prītir abhiruciḥ | etāsāṃ vivardhanāḥ ramyatvādi-guṇavantaḥ sa-gavya-śarkarāḥ śāli-godhūmādayaḥ sāttvikānāṃ priyās tair upādeyā ity arthaḥ | ramyā iti nīrasānāṃ caṇakādīnāṃ | snigdhā iti rukṣāṇāṃ guḍādīnāṃ | sthirā ity asthirāṇāṃ dugdha-phenādīnāṃ | hṛdyety ahṛdyānāṃ panasa-phalādīnāṃ ca vyāvṛttiḥ | kṣud-udarādy-ahitatvam ahṛdyatvam | atra pavitrā iti jñeyam | tāmasa-priyeṣv amedhya-pada-darśanāt
BhG 17.9
kaṭv-amla-lavaṇāty-uṣṇa-tīkṣṇa-rūkṣa-vidāhinaḥ
āhārā rājasasyeṣṭā duḥkha-śokāmaya-pradāḥ
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syntax
kaṭv-amla-lavaṇāty-uṣṇa-tīkṣṇa-rukṣa-vidāhinaḥ (excessively bitter, sour, salty, hot, pungent, dry and burning) duḥkha-śokāmaya-pradāḥ (giving distress, grief and disease) āhārāḥ (foods)
rājasasya [janasya] (of rajasic people) iṣṭāḥ (desired) [santi] (they are).
grammar
| kaṭv-amla-lavaṇāty-uṣṇa-tīkṣṇa-rūkṣa-vidāhinaḥ | – | kaṭv-amla-lavaṇa-aty-uṣṇa-tīkṣṇa-rūkṣa-vidāhin 1n.3 m.; DV: ati-kaṭu cāty-amlaś cāti-lavaṇaś cāty-uṣṇaś cāti-tīkṣṇaś cāti-rūkṣaś cāti-vidāhī ceti – excessively bitter, sour, salty, hot, pungent, dry and burning (from: kaṭu – bitter, acrid, ill-smelling; amla – sour; lavaṇa – salty; √uṣ – to burn, uṣṇa – hot, warm; √tij – to sharpen, to tolerate, tīkṣṇa – sharp, hot, pungent; √rūṣ – to decorate, to smear; rūkṣa – hard, dry; vi-√dah – to burn; vidāhin – burning; prefix: -ati – excessively, relates to all parts of a compound); |
| āhārāḥ | – | āhāra 1n.3 m. – foods (from: ā-√hṛ – to fetch, to carry near); |
| rājasasya | – | rājasa 6n.1 m. – of related to rajas, of rajasic (from: √rañj – to be dyed, be excited, be delighted, rajas – coloured, dust, passion, one of the three guṇas); |
| iṣṭāḥ | – | iṣṭa PP 1n.3 m. – desired, worshipped (from: √iṣ – to desire or √yaj – to consecrate, to sacrifice, to worship); |
| duḥkha-śokāmaya-pradāḥ | – | duḥkha-śoka-āmaya-prada 1n.3 m.; ye duḥkhaṁ ca śokaṁ cāmayaṁ ca pradadati te – giving distress, grief and disease (from: dur / dus – prefix: difficult, bad, hard; kha – cavity, hole, nave; duḥ-kha – pain, difficulty; literally: bad hole in the nave [of a wheel through which an axis runs] that makes the moving not smooth; or from: duḥ-√sthā; √śuc – to grieve, to burn, śoka – grief, despair, heat; āmaya – sickness; pra-√dā – to give, pra-da – suffix meaning giver); |
textual variants
kaṭv-amla-lavaṇāty-uṣṇa-tīkṣṇa-rukṣa-vidāhinaḥ → kaṭvaṁsva-lavaṇāty-uṣṇa-tīkṣṇa-rukṣa-vidāhinaḥ / kaṭv-āmla-lavaṇāty-uṣṇa-tīkṣṇa-rukṣa-vidāhinaḥ / kaṭv-amla-lavaṇādy-uṣṇa-tīkṣṇa-rukṣa-vidāhinaḥ / kaṭv-amla-lavaṇāty-uṣṇa-tīkṣṇa-rūkṣa-vibhāvinaḥ (? excessively sour, salty, hot, pungent, dry and burning / excessively bitter, sour, salty, hot, pungent, dry and burning / bitter, sour, salty, hot, pungent, dry, burning and the like / that make bitter, sour, salty, hot, pungent, dry and burning);
āhārā → āhāra- / āhāro (food [of the rajasic] / food);
rājasasyeṣṭā → rājasa-śreṣṭhā (the best for the rajasic);
duḥkha-śokāmaya-pradāḥ → duḥkhaṁ śokāmaya-pradāḥ (distress, giving grief and disease);
Śāṃkara
kaṭv-amla-lavaṇātyuṣṇa-tīkṣṇa-rūkṣa-vidāhina ity atrāti-śabdaḥ kaṭvādiṣu sarvatra yojyaḥ | atikaṭuḥ atitīkṣṇaḥ ity evam | kaṭuś cāmlaś ca lavaṇaś cātyuṣṇaś ca tīkṣṇaś ca rūkṣaś ca vidāhī ca te āhārā rājasasyeṣṭā duḥkha-śokāmaya-pradāḥ duḥkhaṃ ca śokaṃ cāmayaṃ ca prayacchantīti duḥkha-śokāmaya-pradāḥ
Rāmānuja
kaṭurasāḥ, amlarasāḥ, lavaṇotkaṭāḥ, atyuṣṇāḥ, atitīkṣaṇāḥ, rūkṣāḥ, vidāhinaś ceti kaṭvamlalavaṇātyuṣṇatīkṣṇarūkṣavidāhinaḥ / atiśaityātitaikṣṇyādinā durupayogās tīkṣṇāḥ; śoṣakarā rūkṣāḥ; tāpakarā vidāhinaḥ / evaṃvidhā āhārā rājasasyeṣṭāḥ / te ca rajomayatvād duḥkhaśokāmayavardhanāḥ rajovardhanāś ca
Śrīdhara
tathā kaṭv iti | ati-śabdaḥ kaṭv-ādiṣu saptasv api sambadhyate | tenāti-kaṭur nimbādiḥ | atyamlo ’tilavaṇo ‚tyuṣṇaś ca prasiddhaḥ | ati-tīkṣṇo maricādiḥ | atirūkṣaḥ kaṅgu-kodravādiḥ | atividāhī saṛṣapādiḥ | atikaṭv-ādaya āhārā rājasasyeṣṭāḥ priyāḥ | duḥkhaṃ tāt-kālikaṃ hṛdaya-santāpādi | śokaḥ paścād-bhāvi-daurmanasyam | āmayo rogaḥ | etān pradadāti prayacchantīti tathā
Madhusūdana
ati-śabdaḥ kaṭv-ādiṣu saptasv api yojanīyaḥ | kaṭus tiktaḥ | kaṭu-rasasya tīkṣṇa-śabdenoktatvāt | tatrātikaṭur nimbādiḥ | atyamlātilavaṇātyuṣṇāḥ prasiddhaḥ | ati-tīkṣṇo maricādiḥ | atirūkṣaḥ sneha-śūnyaḥ kaṅgu-kodravādiḥ | atividāhī santāpako rājikādiḥ | duḥkhaṃ tāt-kālikīṃ pīḍām | śokaṃ paścād-bhāvi-daurmanasyam | āmayaṃ rogaṃ ca dhātu-vaiṣamya-dvārā pradadatīti tathā-vidhā āhārā rājasasyeṣṭāḥ | etair liṅgaiḥ rājasā jñeyāḥ sāttvikaiś caita upekṣaṇīyā ity arthaḥ
Viśvanātha
ati-śabdaḥ kaṭv-ādiṣu saptasv api sambadhyate | ati-kaṭur nimbādiḥ | aty-amlavaṇoṣṇaḥ prasiddha eva | atitīkṣṇo mūlikā-viṣādir marīcy-ādyā vā | atirūkṣo hiṅgu-kodravādiḥ | vidāhī dāhakaro bhṛṣṭa-caṇakādiḥ | ete duḥkhādi-pradāḥ | tatra duḥkhaṃ tātkāliko rasanākaṇṭhādi-santāpaḥ | śokaḥ paścād-bhāvi-daurmanasyam | āmayo rogaḥ
Baladeva
rājasāhāram āha kaṭv iti | saptasv ati-śabdo yojyaḥ | ati-kaṭur iti tikto nimbādir na ca maricādis tasya tīkṣṇa-śabdenokter atyamlo ’tilavaṇo ‚tyuṣṇaś ca | khyāto ‚titīkṣṇo marīcy-ādir atirukṣaḥ kaṅgukādir atidāhī rājikādiḥ | ete rājasasyeṣṭāḥ, sāttvikānāṃ tu heyāḥ | duḥkhaṃ tātkālikaṃ jihvā kaṇṭhādi-śoṣaṇajam | śoko daurmanasyaṃ pāścātyam āmayo rudhira-kopaḥ |
BhG 17.10
yāta-yāmaṃ gata-rasaṃ pūti paryuṣitaṃ ca yat
ucchiṣṭam api cāmedhyaṃ bhojanaṃ tāmasa-priyam
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syntax
yat bhojanam (that food which) yāta-yāmam (of which three hours have passed) gata-rasam (whose taste is gone) pūti (putrid) paryuṣitam (stale) ucchiṣṭam (being a left-over) amedhyam ca (and not suitable for sacrifice),
[tat] tāmasa-priyam [bhavati] (that is dear to the tamasic).
grammar
| yāta-yāmam | – | yāta-yāma 1n.1 n.; BV: yasya yāmo yāto ‘sti tat – which finished its course, used, useless / of which three hours have passed (from: √yā – to go, to depart, PP yāta – gone; √yam – to restrain, to control; yama – restrain, control, yāma – restrained, 1/8 of the day and night, period of three hours or: yāma – motion, progress, course); |
| gata-rasam | – | gata-rasa 1n.1 n.; BV: yasya raso gatao ‘sti tat – whose taste is gone (from: √gam – to go, PP gata – gone; √ras – to taste, to relish, to love, rasa – juice, nectar, taste); |
| pūti | – | pūti 1n.1 n. – foul-smelling, stinking, putrid; |
| paryuṣitam | – | pary-uṣita (pari-√vas – to remain) PP 1n.1 n. – left over [for long time], stale; |
| ca | – | av. – and; |
| yat | – | yat sn. 1n.1 n. – that which; |
| ucchiṣṭam | – | ucchiṣṭa (ud-√śiṣ – to leave remains) PP 1n.1 n. – left remaining, left-over; |
| api | – | av. – although, moreover, besides, even; |
| ca | – | av. – and; |
| amedhyam | – | a-medhya 1n.1 n. – not suitable for sacrifice, impure (from: √mith / √meth – to unite to couple, to kill, to know; medha – ofiara, oblation); |
| bhojanam | – | bhojana 1n.1 n. – food, meal (from: √bhuj – to eat, to enjoy); |
| tāmasa-priyam | – | tāmasa-priya 1n.3 m.; tāmasānāṁ [janānāṁ] priyā iti – dear to the tamasic (from: √tam – to choke, to faint, to perish, to stop; tamas – darkness, gloom, dullness, passivity, one of the three guṇas, tāmasa – related to tamas, tamasic (from: √prī – to please, priya – liked, dear, pleasant); |
Śāṃkara
yāta-yāmaṃ manda-pakvam, nirvīryasya gata-rasa-śabdenoktatvāt | gata-rasaṃ rasa-viyuktam, pūti durgandhi, paryuṣitaṃ ca pakvaṃ sad rātry-antaritaṃ ca yat, ucchiṣṭam api bhukta-śiṣṭam ucchiṣṭam, amedhyam ayajñārhaṃ bhojanam īdṛśaṃ tāmasa-priyam
Rāmānuja
yātayāmam cirakālāvasthitam; gatarasam tyaktasvābhāvikarasam; pūti durgandhopetam, paryuṣitam kālātipattyā rasāntarāpannam; ucchiṣṭam gurvādibhyo ‚nyeṣāṃ bhuktaśiṣṭam; amedhyam ayajñārham; ayajñaśiṣṭam ityarthaḥ / evaṃvidhaṃ tamomayaṃ bhojanaṃ tāmasapriyaṃ bhavati / bhujyata iti āhāra eva bhojanam / punaś ca tamaso vardhanam / ato hitaiṣibhiḥ sattvavivṛddhaye sāttvikāhāra eva sevyaḥ
Śrīdhara
tathā yāta-yāmam iti | yāto yāmaḥ praharo yasya pakvasyaudanādes tad yāta-yāmam | śaityāvasthāṃ prāptam ity arthaḥ | gatarasaṃ niṣpīḍita-sāram | pūti durgandham | paryūṣitaṃ dināntara-pakvam | ucchiṣṭam anya-bhuktāvaśiṣṭam | amedhyam abhakṣyaṃ kalañjy-ādi | evambhūtaṃ bhojanaṃ tāmasasya priyam
Madhusūdana
yātayāmam ardha-pakvaṃ nirvīryasya gata-rasa-padenoktatvād iti bhāṣyam | gata-rasaṃ virasatāṃ prāptaṃ śuṣkam | yāta-yāmaṃ pakvaṃ sat praharādi-vyavahita-modanādi śaityaṃ prāptam | gata-rasaṃ uddhṛta-sāram mathita-dugdhādīty anye | pūti durgandham | paryūṣitaṃ pakvaṃ sad rātry-antaritam | cena tat-kālonmāda-karaṃ dhattūrādi samuccīyate | yad atiprasiddhaṃ duṣṭatvenocchiṣṭam bhuktāvaśiṣṭam | amedhyam ayajñārham aśuci māṃsādi | api ceti vaidyaka-śāstroktam apathyaṃ samuccīyate | etādṛśaṃ yad bhojanaṃ bhojyaṃ tat tāmasasya priyaṃ sāttvikair atidūrād upekṣaṇīyam ity arthaḥ | etādṛśa-bhojanasya duḥkha-śokāmaya-pradatvam atiprasiddham iti kaṇṭhato noktam |
atra ca krameṇa rasyādi-vargaḥ sāttvikaḥ | kaṭv-ādi-vargo rājasaḥ | yāta-yāmādi-vargas tāmasa ity uktam āhāra-varga-trayam | tatra sāttvika-varga-virodhitvam itara-varga-dvaye draṣṭavyam | tathā hy atikaṭutvādikaṃ rasyatva-virodhitvāt sthiratva-virodhinī | atyuṣṇatvādikaṃ hṛdyatva-virodhi | āmaya-pradatvam āyuḥ-sattva-balārogya-virodhi | duḥkha-śokaa-pradatvaṃ sukha-prīti-virodhi | evaṃ sāttvika-varga-virodhitvaṃ rājasa-varge spaṣṭam | tathā tāmasa-varge ‚pi gata-rasatva-yātayāmatva-paryuṣitatvāni yathā-sambhavaṃ rasyatva-snighdhatva-sthiratva-virodhīni | pūtitvocchiṣṭatvāmedhyatvāni hṛdyatva-virodhīni | āyuḥ-sattvādi-virodhitvaṃ tu spaṣṭam eva | rājasa-varge dṛṣṭa-virodha-mātraṃ tāmasa-varge tu dṛṣṭādṛṣṭa-virodha ity atiśayaḥ
Viśvanātha
yāto yāmaḥ praharo yasya pakvasyaudanādes tad yāta-yāmaṃ śaityāvasthāṃ prāptam ity arthaḥ | gata-rasaṃ gata-svābhāvika-rasaṃ niṣpīḍita-rasam pakvāmratva-gaṣṭy-ādikaṃ vā | pūti durgandham | paryūṣitaṃ dināntara-pakvam | ucchiṣṭam gurvādibhyo ‚nyeṣāṃ bhuktāvaśiṣṭam | amedhyam abhakṣyaṃ kalajñādi | tataś caivaṃ paryālocya sva-hitaiṣibhiḥ sāttvika āhāraḥ sevya iti bhāvaḥ | vaiṣṇavais tu so ‚pi bhagavad-aniveditas tyājya eva | bhagavan-niveditam annādikaṃ tu nirguṇa-bhakta-loka-priyam iti śrī-bhāgavatāj jñeyam
Baladeva
tāmasāhāram āha yāteti | yāto ‚tikrānto yāmaḥ praharo yasya rāddhasyānnādes tad yātayāmam | gata-rasaṃ vairasyavat | pūtiḥ durgandham | paryuṣitaṃ pūrve ‚hni rāddham ucchiṣṭaṃ guror anyeṣāṃ bhuktāvaśiṣṭam amedhyam apavitraṃ kalañjādi | īdṛg-bhojanaṃ tāmasānāṃ priyaṃ sāttvikānāṃ tv atidūrato heyam
BhG 17.11
aphalākāṅkṣibhir yajño vidhi-dṛṣṭo ya ijyate
yaṣṭavyam eveti manaḥ samādhāya sa sāttvikaḥ
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syntax
aphalākāṅkṣibhiḥ (by those not expecting the fruit) yaṣṭavyam eva iti (indeed to be offered)
manaḥ (the mind) samādhāya (after concentrating)
yaḥ vidhi-dṛṣṭaḥ (in which the rules are seen) yajñaḥ (sacrifice) ijyate (is offered),
saḥ sāttvikaḥ [yajñaḥ asti] (this is a sattvic sacrifice).
grammar
| aphalākāṅkṣibhiḥ | – | a-phala-ākāṅkṣin 3n.3 m.; TP: ye phalaṁ nākāṅkṣanti taiḥ – by those not expecting the fruit (from: √phal – to ripen; phala – fruit, result; ā-√kāṅkṣ – to desire, to expect, ākāṅkṣā – eager desire, longing; -in, -min, -vin – sufixes meaning one who possesses); |
| yajñaḥ | – | yajña 1n.1 m. – sacrifice, worship (from: √yaj – to consecrate, to sacrifice, to worship); |
| vidhi-dṛṣṭaḥ | – | vidhi-dṛṣṭa 1n.1 m.; BV: yasmin vidhayo dṛṣṭāḥ santi saḥ – in which the rules are seen (from: vidhi – a rule, formula, injunction; √dṛś – to see, PP dṛṣṭa – seen); |
| yaḥ | – | yat sn. 1n.1 m. – he who; |
| ijyate | – | √yaj (to consecrate, to sacrifice, to worship) Praes. pass. 1v.1 – it is offered; |
| yaṣṭavyam | – | yaṣṭavya (√yaj – to consecrate, to sacrifice, to worship) PF 1n.1 m. – it is to be offered; |
| eva | – | av. – certainly, just, merely; |
| iti | – | av. – thus (used to close the quotation); |
| manaḥ | – | manas 2n.1 n. – the mind (from: √man – to think); |
| samādhāya | – | sam-ā-√dhā (to put, to fix, to compose, to concentrate) absol. – after concentrating; |
| saḥ | – | tat sn. 1n.1 m. – he; |
| sāttvikaḥ | – | sāttvika 1n.1 m. – related to sattva, sattvic (from: √as – to be, PPr sant – being, existing, true, the essence, abst. sattva – being, essence, wisdom, spirit, one of the three guṇas); |
textual variants
aphalākāṅkṣibhir → aphalākāṁkṣiṇā (by one not expecting the fruit);
vidhi-dṛṣṭo → vidhi-diṣṭo (settled by the rules) – not in critical edition but found eg. in Śrīdhara’s commentary;
ya ijyate → na yujyate (it does not become);
yaṣṭavyam → yaṣṭavya (it is to be offered m.);
eveti → ityeva (thus indeed);
manaḥ → tataḥ (thus);
sāttvikaḥ → sāttvikam (sattvic);
Śāṃkara
athedānīṃ yajñas trividha ucyate—
aphalākāṅkṣibhir aphalārthibhir yajño vidhi-dṛṣṭaḥ śāstra-codanādṛṣṭau yo yajña ijyate nirvartyate, yaṣṭavyam eveti yajña-svarūpa-nirvartanam eva kāryam iti manaḥ samādhāya, nānena puruṣārtho mama kartavya ity evaṃ niścitya, sa sāttviko yajña ucyate
Rāmānuja
phalākāṅkṣārahitaiḥ puruṣaiḥ vidhidṛṣṭaḥ śāstradṛṣṭaḥ mantradravyakriyādibhir yuktaḥ, yaṣṭavyam eveti bhagavadārādhanatvena svayaṃprayojanatayā yaṣṭavyam iti manas samādhāya yo yajña ijyate, sa sāttvikaḥ
Śrīdhara
yajño ‚pi trividhaḥ | tatra sāttvikaṃ yajñam āha aphalākāṅkṣibhir iti | phalākāṅkṣā-rahitaiḥ puruṣair vidhinādiṣṭa āvaśyakatayā vihito yo yajña ijyate ‚nuṣṭhīyate sa sāttviko yajñaḥ | katham ijyate | yaṣṭavyam eveti | yajñānuṣṭhānam eva kāryam | nānyat phalaṃ sādhanīyam ity evaṃ manaḥ samādhāyaikāgraṃ kṛtvety arthaḥ
Madhusūdana
idānīṃ krama-prāptaṃ trividhaṃ yajñam āha aphaleti tribhiḥ | agnihotra-darśapūrṇamāsa-cāturmāsya-paśu-bandha-jyotiṣṭomādir yajño dvividhaḥ kāmyo nityaś ca | phala-saṃyogena coditaḥ kāmyaḥ sarvāṅgopasaṃhāreṇaiva mukhya-kalpenānuṣṭheyaḥ | phala-saṃyogaṃ vinā jīvanādi-nimitta-saṃyogena coditaḥ sarvāṅgopasaṃhārāsambhave pratinidhy-ādy-upādānenāmukhya-kalpenāpy anuṣṭheyo nityaḥ | tatra sarvāṅgopasaṃhārāsambhave ‚pi pratinidhim upādāyāvaśyaṃ yaṣṭavyam eva pratyavāya-parihārāyāyāvaśyaka-jīvanādi-nimittena coditatvād iti manaḥ samādhāya niścityāphalākāṅkṣibhir antaḥ-karaṇa-śuddhy-arthitayā kāmya-prayoga-vimukhair vidhi-dṛṣṭo yathā-śāstraṃ niścito yo yajña ijyate ‚nuṣṭhīyate sa yathā-śāstram antaḥ-karaṇa-śuddhy-artham anuṣṭhīyamāno nitya-prayogaḥ sāttviko jñeyaḥ
Viśvanātha
atha yajñasya traividhyam āha aphalākāṅkṣibhir iti | phalākāṅkṣā-rāhitye kathaṃ yajñe pravṛttir ata āha — yaṣṭavyam eveti | svānuṣṭheyatvena śāstroktatvād avaśya-kartavyam etad iti manaḥ samādhāya
Baladeva
atha yajña-traividhyam āha aphaleti tribhiḥ | aphalākāṅkṣibhiḥ phalecchā-śūnyair yo yajña ijyate kriyate vidhi-dṛṣṭo vidhi-vākyāj jātaḥ sa sāttvikaḥ | nanu phalecchāṃ vinā tatra kathaṃ pravṛttis tatrāha yaṣṭavyam eveti | māṃ prati vedenoktatvāt tat yajanam eva kāryaṃ, na tu tena phalaṃ sādhyam iti manaḥ samādhāyaikāgraṃ kṛtvety arthaḥ
BhG 17.12
abhisaṃdhāya tu phalaṃ dambhārtham api caiva yat
ijyate bharata-śreṣṭha taṃ yajñaṃ viddhi rājasam
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syntax
he bharata-śreṣṭha (O best of the Bharatas!),
phalam tu (but the fruit) abhisandhāya (aiming at) dambhārtham api eva ca (and indeed for the sake of deceit) yat (that which) ijyate (it is offered),
tam rājasam yajñam (that as rajasic sacrifice) viddhi (you must know).
grammar
| abhisaṁdhāya | – | abhi-sam-√dhā (to aim at) absol. – aiming at; |
| tu | – | av. – but, then, or, and; |
| phalam | – | phala 2n.1 n. – fruit, result (from: √phal – to ripen); |
| dambha-artham | – | av. – for the sake of deceit (from: √dabh – to deceive, to destroy, dambha – deceit, feigning, hypocrisy; √arth – to strive to obtain, to desire, to request, artha – purpose, advantage, concern, object, wealth, use, suffix: for the sake of, on account of); |
| api | – | av. – although, moreover, besides, even; |
| ca | – | av. – and; |
| eva | – | av. – certainly, just, merely; |
| yat | – | yat sn. 1n.1 n. – that which; |
| ijyate | – | √yaj (to consecrate, to sacrifice, to worship) Praes. pass. 1v.1 – it is offered; |
| bharata-śreṣṭha | – | bharata-rṣabha 8n.1 m.; TP: bharatāṇāṁ śreṣṭheti – O best of the Bharatas (from: √bhṛ – to hold or bharata – king Bharata, maintained, actor, in plural – the descendants of Bharata; superlative of: śrī – śreyas, śreṣṭha); |
| tam | – | tat sn. 2n.1 m. – that; |
| yajñam | – | yajña 2n.1 m. – sacrifice, worship (from: √yaj – to consecrate, to sacrifice, to worship); |
| viddhi | – | √vid (to know, to understand) Imperat. P 2v.1 – you must know; |
| rājasam | – | rājasa 2n.1 m. – related to rajas, rajasic (from: √rañj – to be dyed, be excited, be delighted, rajas – coloured, dust, passion, one of the three guṇas); |
textual variants
abhisandhāya → abhisaṁdheya;
caiva yat → caiva yaḥ (and indeed which);
ijyate → ijyeta (it would be offered);
taṁ yajñaṁ viddhi → viddhi taṁ yajñaṁ (you must know that sacrifice);
bharata-śreṣṭha → bhārata-śreṣṭha (O the best of the Bharatas);
taṁ yajñaṁ viddhi rājasam → rājasaṁ ca balam adhruvam (and rajasic, strong and unstable);
Śāṃkara
abhisandhāya tu uddiśya phalaṃ dambhārtham api caiva yad ijyate bharata-śreṣṭha taṃ yajñaṃ viddhi rājasam
Rāmānuja
phalābhisandhiyuktair dambhagarbho yaśaḥphalaś ca yo yajña ijyate, taṃ yajñaṃ rājasaṃ viddhi
Śrīdhara
rājasaṃ yajñam āha abhisandhāyeti | phalam abhisandhāyoddiśya tu yad ijyate yajñaḥ kriyate | dambhārthaṃ ca sva-mahattva-khyāpanārthaṃ ca | taṃ yajñaṃ rājasaṃ viddhi
Madhusūdana
phalaṃ kāmyaṃ svargādi abhisandhāyoddiśya na tv antaḥkaraṇa-śuddhiḥ | tur nitya-prayoga-vailakṣaṇya-sūcanārthaḥ | dambho loke dhārmikatva-khyāpanaṃ tad-artham | api caiveti vikalpa-samuccayābhyāṃ traividhya-sūcanārtham | pāralaukikaṃ phalam abhisandhāyaivādambhārthatve ‚pi pāralaukika-phalānabhisandhāne ‚pi dambhārtham eveti vikalpena dvau pakṣau | pāralaukika-phalārtham apy aihalaukika-dambhārtham apīti samuccayenaikaḥ pakṣaḥ | evaṃ dṛṣṭādṛṣṭa-phalābhisandhināntaḥ-karaṇa-śuddhim anuddiśya yad ijyate yathā-śāstraṃ yo yajño ‚nuṣṭhīyate taṃ yajñaṃ rājasaṃ viddhi hānāya | he bharata-śreṣṭheti yogyatva-sūcanam
Baladeva
phalaṃ svargādikam abhisandhāya yad ijyate dambhārhtaṃ vā svamahima-khyāpanāya, taṃ yajñaṃ rājasaṃ viddhi
BhG 17.13
vidhi-hīnam asṛṣṭānnaṃ mantra-hīnam adakṣiṇam
śraddhā-virahitaṃ yajñaṃ tāmasaṃ paricakṣate
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syntax
vidhi-hīnam (destitute of rules) asṛṣṭānnam (in which food is not given) mantra-hīnam (destitute of sacred formulas) adakṣiṇam (in which there is no remuneration for the priest) śraddhā-virahitam (deprived of faith) yajñam (sacrifice) tāmasam (tamasic) paricakṣate (they call).
grammar
| vidhi-hīnam | – | vidhi-hīna 2n.1 m.; yo vidhibhir hīno ‘sti tam – destitute of rules (from: vidhi – a rule, formula, injunction; hīna – left, abandoned, in compounds: out of, away from, without – what? requires instrumental??, ablative or locative); |
| asṛṣṭānnam | – | asṛṣṭa-anna 2n.1 m.; BV: yasmin annaṁ sṛṣtaṇ nāsti tam vidhibhir hīno ‘sti tam – in which food is not given (from: (√sṛj – to let go, to emit, PP sṛṣṭa – emitted, created, provided; √ad – to eat, PP anna – jadło); |
| mantra-hīnam | – | mantra-hīna 2n.1 m.; yo mantrair hīno ‘sti tam – destitute of sacred formulas (from: √mantr – to think, to advise, mantra – sacred formula; hīna – left, abandoned, in compounds: out of, away from, without – what? requires instrumental??, ablative or locative); |
| adakṣiṇam | – | a-dakṣiṇa 2n.1 m.; BV: yasmin dakṣinā nāsti tam – in which there is no remuneration for the priest (from: dakṣiṇa – right, southern, gift, walking round as a sign of respect, dakṣiṇā – fee for the priest); |
| śraddhā-virahitam | – | śraddhā-virahita 2n.1 m.; yaḥ śraddhayā virahito ‘sti tam – deprived of faith (from: śrat – in compounds: faith; √dhā – to put [faith]; śraddhā – faith, confidence; vi-rahita – deserted, lonely, deprived of what? requires instrumental or genitive); |
| yajñam | – | yajña 2n.1 m. – sacrifice, worship (from: √yaj – to consecrate, to sacrifice, to worship); |
| tāmasam | – | tāmasa 2n.1 m. – related to tamas, tamasic (from: √tam – to choke, to faint, to perish, to stop; tamas – darkness, gloom, dullness, passivity, one of the three guṇas); |
| paricakṣate | – | pari-√cakṣ (to name) Praes. Ā 1v.3 – they call; |
textual variants
asṛṣṭānnaṁ → amṛṣṭānnaṁ / asṛṣṭārthaṁ / anuṣṭhānaṁ (in which food is not washed / in which goods are not given / practised [without rules]);
śraddhā-virahitaṁ → śraddhā-vivarjitaṁ (deprived of faith);
yajñaṁ → yac ca (and which);
Śāṃkara
vidhi-hīnaṃ yathā-codita-viparītam, asṛṣṭānnaṃ brāhmaṇebhyo na sṛṣṭaṃ na dattam, annaṃ yasmin yajñe so’sṛṣṭānnas tam asṛṣṭānnam | mantra-hīnaṃ mantrataḥ svarato varṇato vā viyuktaṃ mantra-hīnam, adakṣiṇam ukta-dakṣiṇā-rahitam, śraddhā-virahitaṃ yajñaṃ tāmasaṃ paricakṣate tamo-nirvṛttaṃ kathayanti
Rāmānuja
vidhihīnam brāhmaṇoktihīnam; sadācārayuktair vidvadbhir brāhmaṇair yajasvetyuktihīnam ityarthaḥ; asṛṣṭānnaṃ acoditadravyam, mantrahīnam adakṣiṇaṃ śraddhāvirahitaṃ ca yajñaṃ tāmasaṃ paricakṣate
Śrīdhara
tāmasaṃ yajñam āha vidhi-hīnam iti | vidhi-hīnaṃ śāstrokta-vidhi-śūnyam asṛṣṭānnaṃ brāhmaṇādibhyo na sṛṣṭaṃ na niṣpāditam annaṃ yasmiṃs tam | mantrair hīnaṃ | yathokta-dakṣiṇā-rahitaṃ śraddhā-śūnyaṃ ca yajñaṃ tāmasaṃ paricakṣate kathayanti śiṣṭāḥ
Madhusūdana
yathā-śāstra-bodhita-viparītam anna-dāna-hīnaṃ svarato varṇataś ca mantra-hīnaṃ yathokta-dakṣiṇā-hīnam ṛtvig-dveṣādinā śraddhā-rahitaṃ tāmasaṃ yajñaṃ paricakṣate śiṣṭāḥ | vidhi-hīnatvādy-ekaika-viśeṣaṇaḥ pañca-vidhaḥ sarva-viśeṣaṇa-samuccayena caika-vidha iti ṣaṭ | dvi-tri-catur-viśeṣaṇa-samuccayena ca bahavo bhedās tāmasa-yajñasya jñeyāḥ | rājase yajñe ‚ntaḥ-karaṇa-śuddhy-abhāve ‚pi phalotpādakam apūrvam asti yathā-śāstram anuṣṭhānāt | tāmase tv ayathā-śāstrānuṣṭhānān na kim apy apūrvam astīty atiśayaḥ
Baladeva
vidhīti asṛṣṭānnam anna-dāna-rahitaṃ mantra-hīnaṃ svarato varṇataś ca hīnena mantraṇopetaṃ śraddhā-virahitaṃ ṛtvig-vidveṣāt
BhG 17.14
deva-dvija-guru-prājña-pūjanaṃ śaucam ārjavam
brahma-caryam ahiṃsā ca śārīraṃ tapa ucyate
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syntax
deva-dvija-guru-prājña-pūjanam (worshipping the divinities, the twice-born, preceptors and the wise) śaucam (purity) ārjavam (simplicity) brahmacaryam (celibacy) ahiṁsā ca (and non-violence) śārīram tapaḥ (bodily austerity) ucyate (it is called).
grammar
| deva-dvija-guru-prājña-pūjanam | – | deva-dvija-guru-prājña-pūjana 1n.1 n.; DV / TP: devāṁś ca dvijāṁś ca gurūṁś ca prājñāṁś ca pujanam iti – worshipping the divinities, the twice-born, preceptors and the wise (from: √div – to shine, to play, deva – god, divinity; yo dvir jataḥ sa dvijaḥ – who was born twice is a twice-born – a man after upanayana ceremony or a bird; guru – heavy one, master, preceptor; pra-√jñā – to know, to understand, to discern, prajñā – discrimination, wisdom, judgement, prājña – wise; √pūj – to honour, to worship, pūjā – ritual of worship, pūjana – honouring, worship, respect); |
| śaucam | – | śauca 1n.1 n. – purity (from: √śuc – to shine, to be wet, śuci – pure); |
| ārjavam | – | ārjava 1n.1 n. – simplicity, honesty, sincerity (from: √arj – to obtain; ṛju – upright, honest, sincere); |
| brahma-caryam | – | brahma-carya 1n.1 n. – celibacy practised by a student of the Vedas (from: √bṛh – to increase, brahman – spirit, the Vedas; √car – to move, to go, PF carya – to be practised, to be performed); |
| ahiṁsā | – | a-hiṁsā 1n.1 f. – non-violence, harmlessness (from: √hiṁs – to injure, to harm, to kill); |
| ca | – | av. – and; |
| śārīram | – | śārīra 2n.1 n. – bodily, related to body (from: √śri – to lean on, to rest on; or from: √śṝ – to break, to crush, śarīra – easy to be destroyed, the body); |
| tapaḥ | – | tapas 1n.1 n. – heat, austerity (from: √tap – to scorch); |
| ucyate | – | √vac (to speak) Praes. pass. 1v.1 – it is said; |
Śāṃkara
atha idānīṃ tapas tri-vidham ucyate—
devā ca dvijā ca guravaś ca prājñāś ca deva-dvija-guru-prājñās teṣāṃ pūjanaṃ deva-dvija-guru-prājña-pūjanam | śaucam | ārjavam ṛjutvam | brahmacaryam ahiṃsā ca śarīra-nirvartyaṃ śārīraṃ śarīra-pradhānaiḥ sarvair eva kārya-karaṇaiḥ kartrādibhiḥ sādhyaṃ śārīraṃ tapa ucyate | pañcaite tasya hetavaḥ [gītā 18.15] iti hi vakṣyati
Rāmānuja
atha tapaso guṇatas traividhyaṃ vaktuṃ tasya śarīravāṅmanoniṣpādyatayā svarūpabhedaṃ tāvad āha
devadvijaguruprājñānāṃ pūjanam, śaucam tīrthasnānādikam, ārjavam yathāmanaḥśarīravṛttam, brahmacaryam yoṣitsu bhogyatābuddhiyuktekṣaṇādirahitatvam, ahiṃsā aprāṇipīḍā; etac charīraṃ tapa ucyate
Śrīdhara
tapasaḥ sāttvikādi-bhedaṃ darśayituṃ prathamaṃ tāvat śārīrādi-bhedena tasya traividhyam āha devety ādi tribhiḥ | tatra śārīram āha deveti | prājñā guru-vyaktiriktā anye ‚pi tattva-vidaḥ | deva-brāhmaṇādi-pūjanaṃ śaucādikaṃ ca śārīraṃ śarīra-nirvartyaṃ tapa ucyate
Madhusūdana
krama-prāptasya tapasaḥ sāttvikādi-bhedaṃ kathayituṃ śārīra-vācika-mānasa-bhedena tasya travidhyam āha tribhiḥ deveti | devā brahma-viṣṇu-śiva-sūryāgni-durgādayaḥ | dvijā dvijottamā brāhmaṇāḥ | guravaḥ pitṛ-mātr-ācāryādayaḥ | prājñāḥ paṇḍitāḥ vidita-veda-tad-upakaraṇārthāḥ | teṣāṃ pūjanaṃ praṇāma-śuśrūṣādi yathā-śāstraṃ | śaucaṃ mṛj-jalābhyāṃ śarīra-śodhanam | ārjavam akauṭilyaṃ bhāva-saṃśuddhi-śabdena mānase tapasi vakṣyati | śārīraṃ tv ārjavaṃ vihita-pratiṣiddhayor eka-rūpa-pravṛtti-nivṛtti-śālitvam | brahmacaryaṃ niṣiddha-maithuna-nivṛttiḥ | ahiṃsā-śāstrīya-prāṇi-pīḍanābhāvaḥ | ca-kārād asteyāparigrahāv api | śārīraṃ śarīra-pradhānaiḥ kartrādibhiḥ sādhyaṃ na tu kevalena śarīreṇa | pañcaite tasya hetava iti hi vakṣyati | itthaṃ śārīraṃ tapa ucyate
Viśvanātha
tapasas traividhyaṃ vadana prathamaṃ sāttvikasya tapasas traividhyam āha devety ādi tribhiḥ
Baladeva
krama-prāptasya tapasaḥ sāttvikādi-bhedaṃ vaktuṃ tasyādau śārīrādi-bhāvena traividhyam āha deveti tribhiḥ | devā vasu-rudrādayo dvijā brāhmaṇa-śreṣṭhā guravo mātṛ-pitṛ-deśikāḥ prājñā vidita-veda-vedāṅgāḥ pare ‚tra teṣāṃ pūjanam | śaucaṃ dvividham uktam | ārjavaṃ vihita-niṣiddhayor aikya-rūpyeṇa pravṛtti-nivṛttatvam | brahmacaryaṃ vihita-maithunaṃ ca | etac chārīraṃ śarīra-nirvartyaṃ tapaḥ
BhG 17.15
anudvega-karaṃ vākyaṃ satyaṃ priya-hitaṃ ca yat
svādhyāyābhyasanaṃ caiva vāṅ-mayaṃ tapa ucyate
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syntax
yat (that which) anudvega-karam (does not cause distress) satyam (true) priya-hitam ca (dear and beneficial) vākyam (word),
svādhyāyābhyasanam ca eva (and indeed practice of recitiation),
[tat] (that) vāṅ-mayam tapaḥ (austerity made of speech) ucyate (it is called).
grammar
| anudvega-karam | – | an-udvega-kara 1n.1 n.; TP: yad udvegaṁ na karoti tat – which does not cause distress (from: ud-√vij – to be agitated, to tremble, to fear, udvega – trembling, fear, distress caused by separation from the beloved object; √kṛ – to do, kara – a a doer, cause); |
| vākyam | – | vākya (√vac – to speak) PF 1n.1 n. – word, the speech; |
| satyam | – | satya 1n.1 n. – truth, truthfulness (from: √as – to be, PPr sant – being, existing, true, the essence); |
| priya-hitam | – | priya-hita 1n.1 n.; DV: priyaṁ ca hitaṁ ceti – dear and beneficial (from: √prī – to please, priya – liked, dear, pleasant; √dhā – to put, PP hita – placed, fixed, stablished, beneficial, suitable, favourable); |
| ca | – | av. – and; |
| yat | – | yat sn. 1n.1 n. – which; |
| svādhyāyābhyasanam | – | svādhyāya-abhyasana 1n.1 n.; TP: svādhyāyasyābhyasanam iti – practice of recitiation (from: ā–√dhī – to contemplate, to think over, sv-ā-dhyāya – recitation, repeating the Veda, studying, reading; abhi-√as – to repeat, to study, abhyasana – repetition, practice); |
| ca | – | av. – and; |
| eva | – | av. – certainly, just, merely; |
| vāṅ-mayam | – | vāc-maya 1n.3 m. – made of speech (from: √vac – to speak, vāk – speech; –maya – in compounds: made of, of the nature of); |
| tapaḥ | – | tapas 1n.1 n. – heat, austerity (from: √tap – to scorch); |
| ucyate | – | √vac (to speak) Praes. pass. 1v.1 – it is said; |
Śāṃkara
anudvega-karaṃ prāṇinām aduḥkha-karaṃ vākyaṃ satyaṃ priya-hitaṃ ca yat priya-hite dṛṣṭādṛṣṭārthe | anudvega-karatvādibhir dharmair vākyaṃ viśeṣyate | viśeṣaṇa-dharma-samucayārthaś ca-śabdaḥ | para-pratyayārthaṃ prayuktasya vākyasya satya-priya-hitānudvega-karatvānām anyatamena dvābhyāṃ tribhir vā hīnatā syād yadi, na tad vāṅ-mayaṃ tapaḥ | tathā satya-vākyasya itareṣām anyatamena dvābhyāṃ tribhir vā vihīnatāyāṃ na vāṅ-maya-tapastvam | tathā priya-vākyasyāpītareṣām anyatamena dvābhyāṃ tribhir vā vihīnasya na vāṅ-maya-tapastvam | tathā hita-vākyasyāpītareṣām anyatamena dvābhyāṃ tribhir vā vihīnasya na vāṅ-maya-tapastvam | kiṃ punas tat tapaḥ ? yat satyaṃ vākyam anudvega-karaṃ priyaṃ hitaṃ ca, tat tapo vāṅ-mayam | yathā śānto bhava vatsa, svādhyāyaṃ yogaṃ cānutiṣṭha, tathā te śreyo bhaviṣyatīti | svādhyāyābhyasanaṃ caiva yathā-vidhi vāṅ-mayaṃ tapa ucyate
Rāmānuja
pareṣām anudvegakaraṃ satyaṃ priyahitaṃ ca yad vākyaṃ svādhyāyābhyasanaṃ cety etad vāṅmayaṃ tapa ucyate
Śrīdhara
vācikaṃ tapa āha anudvegakaram iti | udvegaṃ bhayaṃ na karotīty anudvegakaraṃ vākyam | satyaṃ śrotuḥ priyam | hitaṃ ca pariṇāme sukha-karam | svādhyāyābhyasanaṃ vedābhyāsaś ca vāṅ-mayaṃ vācā nirvartyaṃ tapaḥ
Madhusūdana
anudvega-karaṃ na kasyacid duḥkha-karaṃ, satyaṃ pramāṇa-mūlam abādhitārtham | priyaṃ śrotus tat-kāla-śruti-sukhaṃ hitaṃ pariṇāme sukha-karam | ca-kāro viśeṣaṇānāṃ samucchayārthaḥ | anudvega-karatvādi-viśeṣaṇa-catuṣṭayena viśiṣṭaṃ na tv ekenāpi viśeṣaṇena nyūnam | yad vākyaṃ yathā śānto bhava vatsa svādhyāyaṃ yogaṃ cānutiṣṭha tathā te śreyo bhaviṣyatīty ādi tad vāṅ-mayaṃ vācikaṃ tapaḥ śārīravat | svādhyāyābhyasanaṃ ca yathā-vidhi vedābhyāsaś ca vāṅ-mayaṃ tapa ucyate | eva-kāraḥ prāg-viśeṣaṇa-samuccayāvadhāraṇe vyākhyātavyaḥ
Baladeva
anudvegakaram udvegaṃ bhayaṃ kasyāpi yan na karoti | satyaṃ pramāṇikam | śrotuḥ priyam | pariṇāme hitaṃ ca | etad-viśeṣaṇa-catuṣṭayavad-vākyaṃ tathā svādhyāyasya vedābhyasanaṃ ca vāṅ-mayaṃ vācā nirvartyaṃ tapaḥ
BhG 17.16
manaḥ-prasādaḥ saumyatvaṃ maunam ātma-vinigrahaḥ
bhāva-saṃśuddhir ity etat tapo mānasam ucyate
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syntax
manaḥ-prasādaḥ (satisfaction of the mind) saumyatvam (mildness) maunam (silence) ātma-vinigrahaḥ (self-control) bhāva-saṁśuddhiḥ iti (purity of being)
etat (this) mānasam tapaḥ (mental austerity) ucyate (it is called).
grammar
| manaḥ-prasādaḥ | – | manaḥ-prasāda 1n.1 m.; TP: manasaḥ prasāda iti – satisfaction of the mind (from: xman – to think, manas – the mind; pra-√sad – to settle down, to be pleased, to be successful, prasāda – satisfaction, favour, calmness, clearness, success, kindness); |
| saumyatvam | – | saumyatva abst. 1n.1 n. – gentleness, mildness (from: √su – to extract, soma – juice, nectar, Moon, soma; saumya – related to nectar; gentle, mild); |
| maunam | – | mauna 1n.1 n. – related to sages, silence, restrain of tongue (from: √man – to think, to imagine, muni – sage, saint, seer); |
| ātma-vinigrahaḥ | – | ātma-vinigraha 1n.1 m.; TP: ātmano vinigraha iti – self-control (from: ātman – self; ni-√grah – to hold back, to control, nigraha – suppression, control); |
| bhāva-saṁśuddhiḥ | – | bhāva-saṁśuddhi 1n.1 f.; TP: bhāvasya saṁśuddhir iti – purity of being, of nature (from: √bhū – to be, bhāva – state, existence, nature, emotions; sam-√śudh – to become pure, saṁ-śuddhi – purification, sanctifying); |
| iti | – | av. – thus (used to close the quotation); |
| etat | – | etat sn. 1n.1 n. – this; |
| tapaḥ | – | tapas 1n.1 n. – heat, austerity (from: √tap – to scorch); |
| mānasam | – | mānasa 1n.1 n. – pertaining to the mind (from: √man – to think, manas – the mind); |
| ucyate | – | √vac (to speak) Praes. pass. 1v.1 – it is said; |
textual variants
manaḥ-prasādaḥ saumyatvaṁ → manaḥ-prasāda-saumyatvaṁ (mildness and satisfaction of the mind);
bhāva-saṁśuddhir → bhāva-saṁbuddhir (perfect knowledge of existence);
mānasam → mānasa / dānaṁ sa (mental / this charity [is called austerity]);
Śāṃkara
manaḥ-prasādaḥ manasaḥ praśāntiḥ svacchatāpādanaṃ prasādaḥ | saumyatvaṃ yat saumanasyam āhuḥ | mukhādi-prasādādi-kāryonneyāntaḥ-karaṇasya vṛttiḥ | maunaṃ vāṅ-niyamo’pi manaḥ-saṃyama-pūrvako bhavatīti kāryeṇa kāraṇam ucyate manaḥ-saṃyamo maunam iti | ātma-vinigraho mano-nirodhaḥ sarvataḥ sāmānya-rūpa ātma-vinigrahaḥ | vāg-viṣayasyaiva manasaḥ saṃyamaḥ maunam iti viśeṣaḥ | bhāva-saṃśuddhiḥ paraiḥ vyavahāra-kāle’māyāvitvaṃ bhāva-saṃśuddhiḥ | ity etat tapo mānasam ucyate
Rāmānuja
manaḥprasādaḥ manasaḥ krodhādirahitatvam, saumyatvam manasaḥ pareṣām abhyudayaprāvaṇyam, maunaṃ manasā vākpravṛttiniyamanam, ātmavinigrahaḥ manovṛtter dhyeyaviṣaye ‚vasthāpanam, bhāvaśuddhiḥ ātmavyatiriktaviṣayacintārahitatvam; etan mānasaṃ tapaḥ
Śrīdhara
mānasaṃ tapa āha manaḥ-prasāda iti | manasaḥ prasādaḥ svacchatā | saumatvam akrūratā | maunaṃ muner bhāvaḥ | mananam ity arthaḥ | ātmano manaso vinigraho viṣayebhyaḥ pratyāhāraḥ | bhāva-saṃśuddhir vyavahāre māyā-rāhityam | ity etan mānasaṃ tapaḥ
Madhusūdana
manasaḥ prasādaḥ svacchatā viṣaya-cintā-vyākulatva-rāhityam | saumyatvaṃ saumasyaṃ sarva-loka-hitaiṣitvaṃ pratiṣiddhācintanaṃ ca | maunaṃ muni-bhāva ekāgratayātma-cintanaṃ nididhyāsanākhyaṃ vāk-saṃyama-hetur manaḥ-saṃyamo maunam iti bhāṣyam | ātma-vinigraha ātmano manaso viśeṣeṇa sarva-vṛtti-nigraho nirodha-samādhir asamprajñātaḥ | bhāvasya hṛdayasya śuddhiḥ kāma-krodha-lobhādi-mala-nivṛttiḥ | punar aśuddhy-utpāda-rāhityena samyaktvena viśiṣṭā sā bhāva-śuddhiḥ | paraiḥ saha vyavahāra-kāle māyā-rāhityaṃ seti bhāṣyam | ity etad evaṃ-prakāraṃ tapo mānasam ucyate
Baladeva
manasaḥ prasādaḥ vaimalyaṃ viṣaya-smṛty-avaiyagryam | saumatvam akrauryam sarva-sukhecchrutvam | maunam ātma- mananam | ātmano manaso vinigraho viṣayebhyaḥ pratyāhāraḥ | bhāva-saṃśuddhir vyavahāre niṣkapaṭatā | ity etan mānasā nirvartyaṃ tapaḥ
BhG 17.17
śraddhayā parayā taptaṃ tapas tat tri-vidhaṃ naraiḥ
aphalākāṅkṣibhir yuktaiḥ sāttvikaṃ paricakṣate
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syntax
[yat] (which) aphalākāṅkṣibhiḥ (by those not expecting the fruit) yuktaiḥ naraiḥ (by yoked people) parayā śraddhayā (with the supreme faith) taptam (undergone) tapaḥ (austerity),
tat [pūrvoktam] (that described earlier) tri-vidham [śārīram vāṅ-mayam mānasam ca tapaḥ] (threefold austerity – of body, speech and the mind) sāttvikam (sattvic) paricakṣate (they call).
grammar
| śraddhayā | – | śraddhā 3n.1 f. – with faith (from: śrat – in compounds: faith; √dhā – to put [faith]; śraddhā – faith, confidence); |
| parayā | – | para 3n.1 f. – with ancient, final, the best, the supreme; |
| taptam | – | √tap (to scorch) PP 1n.1 n. – burned, undergone; |
| tapaḥ | – | tapas 1n.1 n. – heat, austerity (from: √tap – to scorch); |
| tat | – | tat sn. 1n.1 n. – that; |
| tri-vidham | – | tri-vidha 1n.1 n. – threefold, of three parts (from: tri – three; vi-√dhā – to divide, vidhā – division, part); |
| naraiḥ | – | nara 3n.3 m. – by men (from: nṛ – man, mankind); |
| aphalākāṅkṣibhiḥ | – | a-phala-ākāṅkṣin 3n.3 m.; TP: ye phalaṁ nākāṅkṣanti taiḥ – by those not expecting the fruit (from: √phal – to ripen; phala – fruit, result; ā-√kāṅkṣ – to desire, to expect, ākāṅkṣā – eager desire, longing; -in, -min, -vin – sufixes meaning one who possesses); |
| yuktaiḥ | – | yukta (√yuj – to yoke, to join, to engage) PP 3n.3 m. – by those yoked, by those endowed with; |
| sāttvikam | – | sāttvika 1n.1 n. – related to sattva (from: √as – to be, PPr sant – being, existing, true, the essence, abst. sattva – being, essence, wisdom, spirit, one of the three guṇas); |
| paricakṣate | – | pari-√cakṣ (to name) Praes. Ā 1v.3 – they call; |
textual variants
parayā taptaṁ → parayopetaṁ (endowed with the highest);
tapas tat → tapas tu (but austerity);
yuktaiḥ → muktaiḥ (by the liberated);
paricakṣate → parirakṣate (it protects from all sides);
Śāṃkara
yathoktaṃ kāyikaṃ vācikaṃ mānasaṃ ca tapas taptaṃ naraiḥ sattvādi-guṇa-bhedena kathaṃ tri-vidhaṃ bhavatīti, ucyate—
śraddhayā āstikya-buddhyā parayā prakṛṣṭayā taptam anuṣṭhitaṃ tapas tat prakṛtaṃ tri-vidhaṃ tri-prakāraṃ try-adhiṣṭhānaṃ narair anuṣṭhātṛbhir aphalākāṅkṣibhiḥ phalākāṅkṣā-rahitair yuktaiḥ samāhitair yad īdṛśaṃ tapaḥ, tat sāttvikaṃ sattva-nirvṛttaṃ paricakṣate kathayanti śiṣṭāḥ
Rāmānuja
aphalākāṅkṣibhiḥ phalākāṅkṣārahitaiḥ, yuktaiḥ paramapuruṣārādhanarūpam idam iti cintāyuktaiḥ naraiḥ parayā śraddhayā yat trividhaṃ tapaḥ kāyavāṅmanobhis taptam, tat sāttvikaṃ paricakṣate
Śrīdhara
tad evaṃ śarīra-vāṅ-manobhir nirvartyaṃ trividhaṃ tapo darśitam | tasya trividhasyāpi tapasaḥ sāttvikādi-bhedena traividhyam āha śraddhayetyādi-tribhiḥ | tat trividham api tapaḥ parayā śreṣṭhayā śraddhayā phalākāṅkṣā-śūnyair yuktair ekāgra-cittair narais taptaṃ sāttvikaṃ kathayanti
Madhusūdana
śārīra-vācika-mānasa-bhedena trividhasyoktasya tapasaḥ sāttvikādi-bhedena traividhyam idānīṃ darśayati śraddhayeti tribhiḥ | tat-pūrvoktaṃ trividhaṃ śārīraṃ vācikaṃ mānasaṃ ca tapaḥ śraddhayāstikya-buddhyā parayā prakṛṣṭayāprāmāṇya-śaṅkākalaṅka-śūnyayā phalābhisandhi-śūnyair yuktaiḥ samāhitaiḥ siddhy-asiddhyor nirvikārair narair adhikāribhis taptam anuṣṭhitaṃ sāttvikaṃ paricakṣate śiṣṭāḥ
Baladeva
uktasya tapasaḥ sāttvikāditayā traividhyam āha śraddhayeti-tribhiḥ | tad uktaṃ trividhaṃ tapaḥ phalākāṅkṣā-śūnyair yuktair ekāgra-cittair narair parayā śraddhayā taptam anuṣṭhitaṃ sāttvikam
BhG 17.18
sat-kāra-māna-pūjārthaṃ tapo dambhena caiva yat
kriyate tad iha proktaṃ rājasaṃ calam adhruvam
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syntax
sat-kāra-māna-pūjārtham (for the sake of respect, honour and worship) dambhena ca eva (and indeed with pride) yat tapaḥ (which austerity) kriyate (it is done),
iha (here) tat calam adhruvam tapaḥ (that flickering adn unstable austerity) rājasam proktam (it is called rajasic).
grammar
| sat-kāra-māna-pūjā-artham | – | av. sat-kāryasya ca mānasya ca pūjāyāś cārtham iti – for the sake of respect, honour and worship (from: √as – to be, PPr sant – being, existing, true, the essence; √kṛ – to do, kāra – a doer; sat-kāra – favour, respect; √man – to think, māna – respect, honour, pride; √pūj – to honour, to worship, pūjā – ritual of worship; √arth – to strive to obtain, to desire, to request, artha – purpose, advantage, concern, object, wealth, use, suffix: for the sake of, on account of); |
| tapaḥ | – | tapas 1n.1 n. – heat, austerity (from: √tap – to scorch); |
| dambhena | – | dambha 3n.1 m. – with deceit, with hypocrisy, with pride (from: √dabh – to deceive, to destroy); |
| ca | – | av. – and; |
| eva | – | av. – certainly, just, merely; |
| yat | – | yat sn. 1n.1 n. – which; |
| kriyate | – | √kṛ (to do) Praes. pass. 1v.1 – it is done; |
| tat | – | tat sn. 1n.1 n. – that; |
| iha | – | av. – here (often meaning: in this world); |
| proktam | – | prokta (pra-√vac – to declare, to speak) PP 1n.1 n. – spoken, called; |
| rājasam | – | rājasa 1n.1 n. – related to rajas, rajasic (from: √rañj – to be dyed, be excited, be delighted, rajas – coloured, dust, passion, one of the three guṇas); |
| calam | – | cala 1n.1 n. – restless, flickering (from: √cal – to move, to shake); |
| adhruvam | – | adhruva 1n.1 n. – uncertain, unstable (from: √dhṛ – to hold or √dhru – to be firm, dhruva – certain, fixed); |
Śāṃkara
satkāraḥ sādhu-kāraḥ sādhu ayaṃ tapasvī brāhmaṇa ity evam artham | māno mānanaṃ pratyutthānābhivādanādis tad-artham | pūjā pāda-prakṣālanārcanāśayitṛtvādis tad-arthaṃ ca tapaḥ satkāra-māna-pūjārtham | dambhena caiva yat kriyate tapas tad iha proktaṃ kathitaṃ rājasaṃ calaṃ kādācitka-phalatvena adhruvam
Rāmānuja
manasā ādaraḥ satkāraḥ, vācā praśaṃsā mānaḥ, śarīro namaskārādiḥ pūjā / phalābhisandhipūrvakaṃ satkārādyarthaṃ ca dambhena hetunā yat tapaḥ kriyate, tad iha rājasaṃ proktam; svargādiphalasādhanatvenāsthiratvāc calam adhruvam / calatvam pātabhayena calanahetutvam, adhruvatvam kṣayiṣṇutvam
Śrīdhara
rājasam āha sat-kāreti | sat-kāraḥ sādhur ayam iti tāpaso ‚yam ity ādi vāk-pūjā | mānaḥ pratutthānābhivādanādir daihikī pūjā | pūjārtha-lābhādiḥ | etad-arthaṃ dambhena ca yat tapaḥ kriyate | ataeva calam aniyatam | adhruvaṃ ca kṣaṇikam | yad evambhūtaṃ tapas tad iha rājasaṃ proktam
Madhusūdana
satkāraḥ sādhur ayaṃ tapasvī brāhmaṇa ity evam avivekibhiḥ kriyamāṇā stutiḥ | mānaḥ pratyutthānābhivādanādiḥ | pūjā pāda-prakṣālanārcana-dhana-dānādiḥ | tad-arthaṃ dambhenaiva ca kevalaṃ dharma-dhvajitvenaiva ca na tv āstikya-buddhyā yat tapaḥ kriyate tad rājasaṃ proktaṃ śiṣṭaiḥ | ihāsminn eva loke phaladaṃ na pāralaukikaṃ calam atyalpa-kāla-sthāyi-phalam | adhruvaṃ phala-janakatā-niyama-śūnyam
Viśvanātha
sat-kāraḥ sādhur ayam ity anyaḥ kartavyā vāk-pūjā | mānaḥ pratutthānābhivādanādibhir anyaiḥ kartavyā daihikī pūjā | pūjā anyair dīyamānair dhanādibhir bhāvinī vā mānasī pūjā tad artham | dambhena ca yat kriyate tad rājasaṃ tapaḥ | calam kiñcit-kālikam | adhruvam aniyata-satkārādi-phalakam
Baladeva
sat-kāraḥ sādhur ayaṃ tapasvīti stutiḥ | mānaḥ pratutthānādir ādaraḥ | pūjā caraṇa-prakṣālana-dhan-dānadis tad-arthaṃ yat tapo dambhena ca kriyate tad rājasaṃ proktam | calaṃ kiñcit-kālikam | adhruvam aniyata-satkārādi-phalakam
BhG 17.19
mūḍha-grāheṇātmano yat pīḍayā kriyate tapaḥ
parasyotsādanārthaṃ vā tat tāmasam udāhṛtam
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syntax
mūḍha-grāheṇa (with a deluded conception) ātmanaḥ pīḍayā (with torturing oneself) parasya utsādanārtham vā (or for the sake of destroying others) yat tapaḥ (which austerity) kriyate (it is done),
tat tāmasam (that tamasic) udāhṛtam (is declared).
grammar
| mūḍha-grāheṇa | – | mūḍha-grāha 3n.1 m.; KD: mūḍho grāha iti – with a deluded conception (from: √muh – to become confused, bewildered, stupefied, PP mūḍha – bewildered, confused; √grah – to take, grāha – seizing, understanding, view, conception); |
| ātmanaḥ | – | ātman 6n.1 m. – of the self; |
| yat | – | yat sn. 1n.1 n. – that which; |
| pīḍayā | – | pīḍā 3n.1 f. – with torture (from: √pīḍ – to squeeze, to harm, to torture); |
| kriyate | – | √kṛ (to do) Praes. pass. 1v.1 – it is done; |
| tapaḥ | – | tapas 1n.1 n. – heat, austerity (from: √tap – to scorch); |
| parasya | – | para 6n.1 m. – of the other, of the strange; |
| utsādana-artham | – | av. utsādanasyārtham iti – for the sake of destruction (from: ut-√sad – to decline, utsādana – destruction; √arth – to strive to obtain, to desire, to request, artha – purpose, advantage, concern, object, wealth, use, suffix: for the sake of, on account of); |
| vā | – | av. – or, and, on the other side, but even if, however; |
| tat | – | tat sn. 1n.1 n. – that; |
| tāmasam | – | tāmasa 1n.1 n. – related to tamas, tamasic (from: √tam – to choke, to faint, to perish, to stop; tamas – darkness, gloom, dullness, passivity, one of the three guṇas); |
| udāhṛtam | – | ud-ā-hṛta (ud-ā-√hṛ – to set up, to declare) PP 1n.1 n. – set up, declared; |
textual variants
mūḍha-grāheṇa → mūḍha-graheṇa / vyūḍha-grāheṇa / gūḍha-grāheṇa / mūḍhāgrāheṇa (with a deluded taking / with a dividing conception / with a hidden conception / by lack of undestanding by the deluded);
tapaḥ → naraiḥ (by people);
parasyotsādanārthaṁ → parasyocchādanārthaṁ (for the sake of smearing others);
vā → ca (and);
tāmasam → tāmasa (tamasic);
The fourth pada of verse 17.19 is the same as the fourth pada of verses: BhG 17.22, 18.22 and 18.39;
Śāṃkara
mūḍha-grāheṇa aviveka-niścayena ātmanaḥ pīḍayā yat kriyate tapaḥ parasya utsādanārthaṃ vināśārthaṃ vā, tat tāmasaṃ tapa udāhṛtam
Rāmānuja
mūḍhāḥ avivekinaḥ, mūḍhagrāheṇa mūḍhaiḥ kṛtenābhiniveśena ātmanaḥ śaktyādikam aparīkṣya ātmapīḍayā yat tapaḥ kriyate, parasyotsādanārthaṃ ca yat kriyate, tat tāmasam udāhṛtam
Śrīdhara
tāmasaṃ tapa āha mūḍheti | mūḍha-grāheṇāviveka-kṛtena durāgraheṇātmanā pīḍayā yat tapaḥ kriyate | parasyotsādanārthaṃ vā anyasya vināśārtham abhicāra-rūpaṃ tat tāmasam udāhṛtaṃ kathitam
Madhusūdana
mūḍha-grāheṇāvivekātiśaya-kṛtena durāgraheṇātmano dehendriya-saṃghātasya pīḍayā yat tapaḥ kriyate parasyotsādanārthaṃ vānyasya vināśārtham abhicāra-rūpaṃ vā tat tāmasam udāhṛtaṃ śiṣṭaiḥ
Baladeva
mūḍha-grāheṇāvivekajena durāgraheṇātmanā dehendriyādeḥ pīḍayā ca yat tapaḥ parasyotsādanārthaṃ vināśāya vā kriyate tat tāmasam
BhG 17.20
dātavyam iti yad dānaṃ dīyate ‘nupakāriṇe
deśe kāle ca pātre ca tad dānaṃ sāttvikaṃ smṛtam
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syntax
deśe (in a [proper] place) kāle ca (and at a [proper] time) pātre ca (and to a worthy recipient) dātavyam iti (“it is to be given”)
anupakāriṇe (to one who is not giving in return) yat dānam (which gift) dīyate (it is given),
tat dānam (that gift) sāttvikam (sattvic) smṛtam (it is known).
grammar
| dātavyam | – | dātavya (√dā – to give) PF. 1n.1 n. – to be given, what should be given; |
| iti | – | av. – thus (used to close the quotation); |
| yat | – | yat sn. 1n.1 n. – that which; |
| dānam | – | dāna 1n.1 n. – gift, charity (from: √dā – to give); |
| dīyate | – | √dā (to give) Praes. pass. 1v.1 – it is given; |
| anupakāriṇe | – | an-upakārin 4n.1 m. – to one who is not giving in return (from: upa-√kṛ – to help, to serve, upakāra – help, favour, service); |
| deśe | – | deśa 7n.1 m. – in a place, in a country (from: √diś – to show); |
| kāle | – | kāla 7n.1 m. – in time (from: √kal – to count); |
| ca | – | av. – and; |
| pātre | – | pātra 7n.1 m. – to a worthy recipient (from: √pā – to drink, pātra – vessel, capable person, recipient); |
| ca | – | av. – and; |
| tat | – | tat sn. 1n.1 n. – that; |
| dānam | – | dāna 1n.1 n. – gift, charity (from: √dā – to give); |
| sāttvikam | – | sāttvika 1n.1 n. – related to sattva (from: √as – to be, PPr sant – being, existing, true, the essence, abst. sattva – being, essence, wisdom, spirit, one of the three guṇas); |
| smṛtam | – | smṛta (√smṛ – to think, to remember) PP 1n.1 n. – it is known, it is remembered; |
Śāṃkara
idānīṃ dāna-traividhyam ucyate—
dātavyam iti evaṃ manaḥ kṛtvā yad dānaṃ dīyate’nupakāriṇe pratyupakārāsamarthāya, samarthāyāpi nirapekṣaṃ dīyate | deśe puṇye kurukṣetrādau | kāle saṃkrānty-ādau | pātre ca ṣaḍ-aṅga-vid veda-pāraga ity ādau | tad dānaṃ sāttvikaṃ smṛtam
Rāmānuja
phalābhisandhirahitaṃ dātavyam iti deśe kāle pātre cānupakāriṇe yad dānaṃ dīyate, tad dānaṃ sāttvikaṃ smṛtam
Śrīdhara
pūrvaṃ pratijñātam eva dānasya traividhyam āha dātavyam iti | dātavyam evety evaṃ niścayena yad dānaṃ dīyate ‚nupakāriṇe pratyupakāra-samarthāya | deśe kurukṣetrādau kāle grahaṇādau | pātre ceti deśa-kāla-sāhacaryāt saptamī prayuktā | pātre pātra-bhūtāya tapaḥ-śrutādi-sampannāya brāhmaṇāyety arthaḥ | yad vā pātra iti tṛj-antam | rakṣakāyety arthaḥ | caturthy evaiṣā | sa hi sarvasmād āpad-gaṇād dātāraṃ pātīti pātā | tasmai yad evambhūtaṃ dānaṃ tat sāttvikam
Madhusūdana
idānīṃ krama-prāptasya dānasya traividhyaṃ darśayati dātavyam iti tribhiḥ | dātavyam eva śāstra-condanā-vaśād ity evaṃ niścayena na tu phalābhisandhinā yad dānaṃ tulā-puruṣādi dīyate ‚nupakāriṇe pratyupakārājanakāya | deśe puṇye kurukṣetrādau kāle ca puṇye sūryoparāgādau | pātre ceti caturthy-arthe saptamī | kīdṛśāyānupakāriṇe dīyate pātrāya ca vidyā-tapo-yuktāya | pātra rakṣakāyeti vā | vidyā-tapobhyām ātmano dātuś ca pālana-kṣama eva pratigṛhṇīyād iti śāstrāt | tad evaṃ-bhūtaṃ dānaṃ sāttvikaṃ smṛtam
Baladeva
atha dānasya traividhyam āha dātavyam iti | niścayena yad dānam anupakāriṇe pātre vidyā-tapobhyāṃ dātū rakṣakāya brāhmaṇāya yad dīyate tad dānaṃ sāttvikam | anupakāriṇe pratyupakāram anuddiśyety arthaḥ | deśe tīrthe kāle ca saṅkrānty-ādau
BhG 17.21
yat tu praty-upakārārthaṃ phalam uddiśya vā punaḥ
dīyate ca parikliṣṭaṃ tad dānaṃ rājasaṃ smṛtam
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syntax
yat tu (but which) praty-upakārārtham (for the sake of getting in return) phalam uddiśya vā (or aiming at the fruit)
punaḥ ca (and moreover) parikliṣṭam (grudgingly) dīyate (it is given),
tat dānam (that gift) rājasam (rajasic) smṛtam (it is known).
grammar
| yat | – | yat sn. 1n.1 n. – that which; |
| tu | – | av. – but, then, or, and; |
| praty-upakāra-artham | – | av. praty-upakārasyārtham iti – for the sake of getting in return (from: prati- – prepositon: against, opposed; upa-√kṛ – to help, to serve, upakāra – help, favour, service; √arth – to strive to obtain, to desire, to request, artha – purpose, advantage, concern, object, wealth, use, suffix: for the sake of, on account of); |
| phalam | – | phala 2n.1 n. – fruit, result (from: √phal – to ripen); |
| uddiśya | – | ut-√diś (mieć na celu) absol. – aiming at; |
| vā | – | av. – or, and, on the other side, but even if, however; |
| punaḥ | – | av. – back, again, moreover; |
| dīyate | – | √dā (to give) Praes. pass. 1v.1 – it is given; |
| ca | – | av. – and; |
| parikliṣṭam | – | av. – grudgingly, unwillingly (from: pari-√kliś – to suffer, PP pari-kliṣṭa – troubled, pained); |
| tat | – | tat sn. 1n.1 n. – that; |
| dānam | – | dāna 1n.1 n. – gift, charity (from: √dā – to give); |
| rājasam | – | rājasa 1n.1 n. – related to rajas, rajasic (from: √rañj – to be dyed, be excited, be delighted, rajas – coloured, dust, passion, one of the three guṇas); |
| smṛtam | – | smṛta (√smṛ – to think, to remember) PP 1n.1 n. – it is known, it is remembered; |
textual variants
parikliṣṭaṁ → parikruṣṭaṁ (cried over);
tad dānaṁ rājasaṁ smṛtam → tad rājasam iti smṛtam / tad rājasam udāhṛtam (that as rajasic is known / that is called rajasic);
Śāṃkara
yat tu dānaṃ pratyupakārārthaṃ kāle tv ayaṃ māṃ pratyupakariṣyatīty evam artham, phalaṃ vāsya dānasya me bhaviṣyaty adṛṣṭam iti | tad uddiśya punar dīyate ca parikliṣṭaṃ kheda-saṃyuktam, tad dānaṃ rājasaṃ smṛtam
Rāmānuja
pratyupakārakaṭākṣagarbhaṃ phalam uddiśya ca, parikliṣṭam akalyāṇadravyakaṃ yad dānaṃ dīyate, tad rājasam udāhṛtam
Śrīdhara
rājasaṃ dānam āha yad iti | kālāntare ‚yaṃ māṃ pratyupakariṣyatīty evam arthaṃ phalaṃ vā svargādikam uddiśya yat punar dānaṃ dīyate parikliṣṭaṃ citta-kleśa-yuktaṃ yathā bhavati evambhūtaṃ tad dānaṃ rājasam udāhṛtam
Madhusūdana
pratyupakārārthaṃ kālāntare mām ayaṃ upakariṣyatīty evam dṛṣṭārthaṃ phalaṃ vā svargādikam uddiśya yat punar dānaṃ sāttvika-vilakṣaṇaṃ dīyate parikliṣṭaṃ ca katham etāvad vyayitam iti paścāt tāpa-yuktaṃ yathā bhavaty evaṃ ca yad dīyate tad dānaṃ rājasam udāhṛtam
Viśvanātha
para-kliṣṭaṃ katham etāvad vyayitam iti paścāt-tāpa-yuktam | yad vā ditsāyāṃ abhāve ‚pi gurv-ādyājñānrodha-vaśād eva dattam | parikliṣṭam akalyāṇa-dravya-karmakam
Baladeva
yat tu pratupakārārthaṃ dṛṣṭa-phalārthaṃ phalaṃ vā svargādikam adṛṣṭam uddiśyānusandhāya dīyate tad dānaṃ rājasam | parikliṣṭaṃ katham etāvad vyayitavyam iti paścāt-tāpa-yuktaṃ yathā syāt tathā guru-vākyānurodhād vā yad dīyate tad rājasam
BhG 17.22
adeśa-kāle yad dānam apātrebhyaś ca dīyate
asat-kṛtam avajñātaṃ tat tāmasam udāhṛtam
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syntax
adeśa-kāle (at the improper place and time) apātrebhyaḥ ca (and to unworthy recipients) asat-kṛtam (disrespectfully) avajñātam (despisingly) yat dānam (which gift) dīyate (it is given),
tat tāmasam (that tamasic) udāhṛtam (it is declared).
grammar
| adeśa-kāle | – | a-deśa-kāla 7n.1 m.; DV: adeśe cākāle ceti – in [improper] place and at [improper] time (from: √diś – to show, deśa – place; √kal – to count, kāla – time); |
| yat | – | yat sn. 1n.1 n. – that which; |
| dānam | – | dāna 1n.1 n. – gift, charity (from: √dā – to give); |
| apātrebhyaḥ | – | a-pātra 4i.3x m. – to unworthy recipients (from: √pā – to drink, pātra – vessel, capable person, recipient); |
| ca | – | av. – and; |
| dīyate | – | √dā (to give) Praes. pass. 1v.1 – it is given; |
| asat-kṛtam | – | av. – disrespectfully (from: √as – to be, PPr sant – being, existing, true, the essence; √kṛ – to do, kāra – a doer; sat-kāra – favour, respect; a-sat-kṛta – badly treated, offence); |
| avajñātam | – | av. – despisingly (from: ava-√jñā – to disrespect, to despise, PP ava-jñāta – despised); |
| tat | – | tat sn. 1n.1 n. – that; |
| tāmasam | – | tāmasa 1n.1 n. – related to tamas, tamasic (from: √tam – to choke, to faint, to perish, to stop; tamas – darkness, gloom, dullness, passivity, one of the three guṇas); |
| udāhṛtam | – | ud-ā-hṛta (ud-ā-√hṛ – to set up, to declare) PP 1n.1 n. – set up, declared; |
textual variants
apātrebhyaś ca dīyate → apātrebhyaḥ pradīyate (to unworthy persons it is given);
avajñātaṁ → avijñātaṁ / avajñātuṁ (not knowingly / to despise);
tat tāmasam udāhṛtam → tad dānaṁ tāmasaṁ smṛtam / tat tāmasa udāhṛtam (that gift is known as tamasic / that tamasic is called);
The fourth pada of verse 17.22 is the same as the fourth pada of verses: BhG 17.19, 18.22 and 18.39;
Śāṃkara
adeśa-kāle’deśe’puṇye deśe mlecchāśucy-ādi-saṃkīrṇe | akāle puṇya-hetutvenāprakhyāte saṃkrānty-ādi-viśeṣa-rahite’pātrebhyaś ca mūrkha-taskarādibhyaḥ | deśādi-saṃpattau vā asatkṛtaṃ priya-vacana-pāda-prakṣālana-pūjādi-rahitam avajñātaṃ pātra-paribhava-yuktaṃ ca yad dānam, tat tāmasam udāhṛtam
Rāmānuja
adeśakāle apātrebhyaś ca yad dānaṃ dīyate, asatkṛtam pādaprakṣālanādigauravarahitam, avajñātaṃ sāvajñam anupacārayuktaṃ yad dīyate, tat tāmasam udāhṛtam
Śrīdhara
tāmasaṃ dānam āha adeśeti | adeśe ‚śuci-sthāne | akāle aśaucādi-samaye | apātrebhyo viṭa-naṭa-nartakādibhyaḥ | yad dānaṃ dīyate deśa-kāla-pātra-sampattāv apy asat-kṛtaṃ pāda-prakṣālanādi-satkāra-śūnyam | avajñātaṃ pātra-tiraskāra-yuktam | evambhūtaṃ dānaṃ tāmasam udāhṛtam
Madhusūdana
adeśe svato durjana-saṃsargād vā pāpa-hetāv aśuci-sthāne | akāle puṇya-hetutvenāprasiddhe yasmin kasmiṃścit | aśauca-kāle vā | apātrebhyaś ca vidyā-tapo-rahitebhyo naṭa-viṭādibhyo yad dānaṃ dīyate deśa-kāla-pātra-sampattāv api asat-kṛtaṃ priya-bhāṣaṇa-pāda-prakṣālana-pūjādi-satkāra-śūnyam avajñānaṃ pātra-paribhava-yuktaṃ ca tad dānaṃ tāmasam udāhṛtam
Baladeva
adeśe ‚śuci-sthāne | akāle ‚śuci-samaye | yad apātrebhyo naṭādibhyo dīyate, deśādi-sampattāv api yad asatkṛtaṃ caraṇa-prakṣālanādi-satkāra-śūnyam avajñātaṃ tūṅkārādy-anādara-bhāṣaṇopetaṃ ca yad dānaṃ tat tāmasam
BhG 17.23
oṃ tat sad iti nirdeśo brahmaṇas tri-vidhaḥ smṛtaḥ
brāhmaṇās tena vedāś ca yajñāś ca vihitāḥ purā
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syntax
oṁ tat sat iti (OM, TAT, SAT)
brahmaṇaḥ (of Brahman) tri-vidhaḥ (threefold) nirdeśaḥ (designation) smṛtaḥ (known),
tena [tri-vidhena] (by this threefold) brāhmaṇāḥ ca (and brahmins) vedāḥ ca (and the Vedas) yajñāḥ ca (and sacrifices) purā (formerly) vihitāḥ [āsan] (they were made).
grammar
| om tat sat | – | av. – OM, TAT, SAT (from: om – yes, sacred syllable OM, praṇava; tat – that, callingTAT; √as – to be, PPr sant – being, existing, true, the essence); |
| iti | – | av. – thus (used to close the quotation); |
| nirdeśaḥ | – | nirdeśa 1n.1 m. – instruction, description, designation (from: nir-√diś – to point out, to name); |
| brahmaṇaḥ | – | brahman 6n.1 n. – of the spirit, of the Veda (from: √bṛh – to increase); |
| tri-vidhaḥ | – | tri-vidha 1n.1 m. – threefold, of three parts (from: tri – three; vi-√dhā – to divide, vidhā – division, part); |
| smṛtaḥ | – | smṛta (√smṛ – to think, to remember) PP 1n.1 m. – known, remembered; |
| brāhmaṇāḥ | – | brāhmaṇa 1n.3 m. – brahmins (from: √bṛh – to increase, brahman – spirit, the Vedas); |
| tena | – | tat sn. 3n.1 m. – by that; |
| vedāḥ | – | veda 1n.3 m. – the Vedas (√vid – to know, to understand); |
| ca | – | av. – and; |
| yajñāḥ | – | yajña 1n.3 m. – sacrifices, worship (from: √yaj – to consecrate, to sacrifice, to worship); |
| ca | – | av. – and; |
| vihitāḥ | – | vihita (vi-√dhā – to put, to arrange) 1n.3 m. – placed, made; |
| purā | – | av. – formerly, anciently, in the beginning (from: √pur – to precede); |
textual variants
nirdeśo → nirdiṣṭo (indicated);
brahmaṇas → brāhmaṇas ([designation] related to Brahman);
brāhmaṇās → brahmaṇā (by Brahman);
Śāṃkara
yajña-dāna-tapaḥ-prabhṛtīnāṃ sādguṇya-karaṇāyāyam upadeśa ucyate—
oṃ tat sad iti evaṃ nirdeśaḥ, nirdiśyate’neneti nirdeśaḥ | trividho nāma nirdeśo brahmaṇaḥ smṛtaś cintito vedānteṣu brahma-vidbhiḥ | brāhmaṇās tena nirdeśena trividhena vedāś ca yajñāś ca vihitāḥ nirmitāḥ purā pūrvam iti nirdeśa-stuty-artham ucyate
Rāmānuja
evaṃ vaidikānāṃ yajñatapodānānāṃ sattvādiguṇabhedena bheda uktaḥ; idānīṃ tasyaiva vaidikasya yajñādeḥ praṇavasaṃyogena tatsacchabdavyapadeśytayā ca lakṣaṇam ucyate
oṃ tat sad iti trividho ‚yaṃ nirdeśaḥ śabdaḥ brahmaṇaḥ smṛtaḥ brahmaṇo ‚nvayī bhavati / brahma ca vedaḥ / vedaśabdena vaidikaṃ karmocyate / vaidikaṃ yajñādikam / yajñādikaṃ karma oṃ tat sad iti śabdānvitaṃ bhavati / om iti śabdasyānvayo vaidikakarmāṅgatvena prayogādau prayujyamānatayā; tat sad iti śabdayor anvayaḥ pūjyatvāya vācakatayā / tena trividhena śabdenānvitā brāhmaṇāḥ vedānvayinas traivarṇikāḥ vedāś ca yajñāś ca purā vihitāḥ purā mayaiva nirmitā ityarthaḥ
Śrīdhara
nanv evaṃ vicāryamāṇe sarvam api yajña-tapo-dānādi rājasa-tāmasa-prāyam eveti vyartho yajñādi-prayāsa ity āśaṅkya tathāvidhasyāpi sāttvikatvopapādanāt prakāraṃ darśayitum āha om iti | oṃ tat sad iti trividho brahmaṇaḥ paramātmano nirdeśo nāma-vyapadeśaḥ smṛtaḥ śiṣṭaiḥ | tatra tāvad om iti brahma ity ādi śruti-prasiddher om iti brahmaṇo nāma | jagat-kāraṇatvenāti-prasiddhatvād aviduṣāṃ parokṣatvāc ca tac-chabdo ‚pi brahmaṇo nāma | paramārtha-sattva-sādhutva-praśastatvādibhiḥ sac-chabdo ‚pi brahmaṇo nāma | sad eva saumyedam agra āsīt ity ādi śruteḥ | ayaṃ trividho ‚pi nāma nirdeśena brāhmaṇāś ca vedāś ca yajñāś purā sṛṣṭy-ādau vihitā vidhātrā nirmitāḥ | saguṇī-kṛtā iti vā | yathā yasyāyaṃ trividho nirdeśas tena paramātmanā brāhmaṇādayaḥ pavitratamāḥ sṛṣṭāḥ | tasmāt tasyāyaṃ trividho nirdeśo ‚tipraśasta ity arthaḥ
Madhusūdana
tad evam āhāra-yajña-tapo-dānānāṃ traividhya-kathanena sāttvikāni tāny ādeyāni rājasa-tāmasāni tu parihartavyānīty uktam | tatrāhārasya dṛṣṭārthatvena nāsty aṅga-vaiguṇyena phalābhāva-śaṅkā | yajña-tapo-dānānāṃ tv adṛṣṭārthānām aṅga-vaiguṇyād apūrvānutpattau phalābhāvaḥ syād iti sāttvikānī̀am api teṣām ānarthakyaṃ prāptaṃ pramāda-bahulatvād anuṣṭhātṝṇām atas tad-vaiguṇya-parihārārya oṃ tat sad iti bhagavan-nāmoccāraṇa-rūpaṃ sāmānya-prāyaścittaṃ parama-kāruṇikatayopadiśati bhagavān om iti | oṃ tat sad ity evaṃ-rūpo brahmaṇaḥ paramātmano nirdeśo nirdiśyate ‚neneti nirdeśaḥ pratipādaka-śabdo nāmeti yāvat | trividhas tisro vidhā avayavā yasya sa trividhaḥ smṛto vedānta-vidbhiḥ | eka-vacanāt try-avayavam ekaṃ nāma praṇavavat | yasmāt pūrvair maharṣibhir ayaṃ brahmaṇo nirdeśaḥ smṛtas tasmād idānīntanair api smartavya iti vidhir atra kalpyate | vaṣaṭ-kartuḥ prathama-bhakṣa ity ādiṣv iva vacanāni tv apūrvatvād iti nyāyāt | yajña-dāna-tapaḥ-kriyā-saṃyogāc cāsya tad avaiguṇyam eva phalaṃ ##ṣṭāśva-dagdha-ratha-vat-parasparākāṅkṣayā kalpyate |
pramādāt kurvatāṃ karma pracyavetādhvareṣu yat |
smaraṇād eva tad viṣṇoḥ sampūrṇaṃ syād iti śrutiḥ ||
iti smṛtes tathaiva śiṣṭācārāc ca | brahmaṇo nirdeśaḥ stūyate karma-vaiguṇya-parihāra-sāmarthya-kathanāya | brāhmaṇā iti traivarṇikopalakṣaṇam | brāhmaṇādyāḥ kartāro vedāḥ karaṇāni yajñāḥ karmāṇi tena brahmaṇo nirdeśena karaṇa-bhūtena purā vihitāḥ prajāpatinā | tasmād yajñādi-sṛṣṭi-hetutvena tad-vaiguṇya-parihāra-samartho mahā-prabhāvo ‚yaṃ nirdeśa ity arthaḥ
Baladeva
tad evaṃ tapo-yajña-tapo-dānānāṃ traividhya-kathanena sāttvikānāṃ teṣām upadeyatvaṃ, rājasādīnāṃ heyatvaṃ ca darśitam | atha sāttvikādhikāriṇāṃ yajñādīni viṣṇu-nāma-pūrvakāṇy evabhavantīty ucyate om iti | om ity ādikas trividho brahmaṇo viṣṇor nirdeśo nāma-dheyaṃ śiṣṭaiḥ smṛtaḥ | om ity etad brahmaṇo nediṣṭaṃ nāma iti śruteḥ | om ity ekaṃ nāma | tat tvam asi iti śruteḥ tad iti dvitīyaṃ nāma | sad eva saumya iti śruteḥ sad iti tṛtīyaṃ nāma | upalakṣaṇam idam | viṣṇv-ādi-nāmnāṃ tena trividhena nirdeśena brāhmaṇā vedā yajñāś ca purā caturmukhena vihitāḥ prakaṭitās tasmān mahā-prabhāvo ‚yaṃ nirdeśas tat-pūrvakāṇāṃ yajñādīnāṃ nāṅga-vaiguṇyam | tena phala-vaiguṇyaṃ ca neti
BhG 17.24
tasmād om ity udāhṛtya yajña-dāna-tapaḥ-kriyāḥ
pravartante vidhānoktāḥ satataṃ brahma-vādinām
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syntax
tasmāt (therefore) om iti (OM) udāhṛtya (after declaring),
brahma-vādinām (of those discussing Brahman) vidhānoktāḥ (said in the precepts) yajña-dāna-tapaḥ-kriyāḥ (acts of sacrifice, charity and austerity) satatam (always) pravartante (they begin).
grammar
| tasmāt | – | av. – therefore (from: tat sn. 5n.1 m. – from that); |
| om | – | av. – OM (from: om – yes, sacred syllable OM, praṇava); |
| iti | – | av. – thus (used to close the quotation); |
| udāhṛtya | – | ud-ā-√hṛ (to set up, to declare) absol. – after declaring; |
| yajña-dāna-tapaḥ-kriyāḥ | – | yajña-dāna-tapaḥ-kriya 1n.3 m.; DV / TP: yajñānāṁ ca dānānāṁ ca tapasāṁ ca kriyā iti – acts of sacrifice, charity and austerity (from: √yaj – to consecrate, to sacrifice, to worship, yajña – sacrifice, worship, name of Viṣṇu; √dā – to give, dāna – gift, charity; √tap – to scorch, tapas – heat, austerity; √kṛ – to do, kriyā – act, work, especially religious one); |
| pravartante | – | pra-√vṛt (to start to act, to surpass) Praes. Ā 1v.3 – they start to act, they act; |
| vidhānoktāḥ | – | vidhāna-ukta 1n.3 n.; TP: vidhānenoktā iti – said in the precepts (from: vi-√dhā – to put, to arrange, to give, vidhāna – order, regulation, method; √vac – to speak, PP ukta – spoken, called); |
| satatam | – | av. – constantly (from: sa-tata – constant, uninterrupted); |
| brahma-vādinām | – | brahma-vādin 6n.3 m.; TP: brahmanaṁ vādināṁ – of those who explain Brahman (from: √bṛh – to increase, brahman – spirit, the Vedas; √vad – to speak, vāda – speech, dispute, doctrine; -in, -min, -vin – sufixes meaning one who possesses; vādin – who speaks, who explains, who discusses); |
textual variants
The second pada of verse 17.24 is the same as the third pada of verse BhG 18.3 and the first pada of verse BhG 18.5;
Śāṃkara
tasmāt om ity udāhṛtya uccārya yajña-dāna-tapaḥ-kriyā yajñādi-svarūpāḥ kriyāḥ pravartante vidhānoktāḥ śāstra-coditāḥ satataṃ sarvadā brahma-vādināṃ brahma-vadana-śīlānām
Rāmānuja
trayāṇām oṃ tat sad iti śabdānām anvayaprakāro varṇyate; prathamam om iti śabdasyānvayaprakāram āha
tasmād brahmavādinām vedādināṃ traivarṇikānāṃ yajñadānatapaḥkriyāḥ vidhānoktāḥ vedavidhānoktāḥ ādau om ity udāhṛtya satataṃ sarvadā pravartante / vedāś ca om ity udāhṛtyārabhyante / evaṃ vedānāṃ vaidikānāṃ ca yajñādīnāṃ karmaṇām om iti śabdānvayo varṇitaḥ / om itiśabdānvitavedadhāraṇāt tadanvitayajñādikarmakaraṇāc ca brāhmaṇaśabdanirdiṣṭānāṃ traivarṇikānām api om iti śabdānvayo varṇitaḥ
Śrīdhara
idānīṃ pratyekam oṅkārādīnāṃ prāśastyaṃ darśayiṣyann oṅkārasya tad evāha tasmād iti | yasmād evaṃ brahmaṇo nirdeśaḥ praśastas tasmād om ity udāhṛtya uccārya kṛtā veda-vādināṃ yajñādyāḥ śāstroktāḥ kriyāḥ satataṃ sarvadā aṅga-vaikalye ‚pi prakarṣeṇa vartante | saguṇā bhavantīty arthaḥ
Madhusūdana
idānīm a-kāra-u-kāra-ma-kāra-vyākhyānena tat-samudāyoṃkāra-vyākhyānavad oṃkāra-tac-chabda-sac-chabda-vyākhyānena tat-samudāya-rūpaṃ brahmaṇo nirdeśaṃ stuty-atiśayāya vyākhyātum ārabhate caturbhiḥ | tatra prathamam oṃkāraṃ vyācaṣṭe tasmād iti | yasmād om iti brahma ity ādiṣu śrutiṣv om iti brahmaṇo nāma prasiddhaṃ tasmād om ity udāhṛtyoṃkāroccāraṇānantaraṃ vidhānoktā vidhi-śāstra-bodhitā brahma-vādināṃ veda-vādināṃ yajña-dāna-tapaḥ-kriyāḥ satataṃ pravartante prakṛṣṭatayā vaiguṇya-rāhityena vartante | yasyaikāvayavoccāraṇād apy avaiguṇyaṃ kiṃ punas tasya sarvasyoccāraṇād iti stuty-atiśayaḥ
Viśvanātha
tad evaṃ tapo-yajñādīnāṃ traividhyaṃ sāmānyato manuṣya-mātram adhikṛtyoktam | tatra ye sāttvikeṣv api madhye brahma-vādinas teṣāṃ tu brahma-nirdeśa-pūrvakā eva yajñādayo bhavantīty āha oṃ tat sad ity evaṃ brahmaṇo nirdeśo nāmnā vyapadeśaḥ smṛtaḥ | śiṣṭair deśitaḥ | tatra om iti sarva-śrutiṣu prasiddham eva brahmaṇo nāma | jagat-kāraṇatvenātiprasiddher atan-nirasanena ca prasiddhes tad iti ca | sad eva saumyedam agra āsīt iti śruteḥ sad iti ca | yasmāt oṃ tat sat śabda-vācyena brahmaṇaiva brāhmaṇā vedā yajñāś ca vihitāḥ kṛtās tasmāt om iti brahmaṇo nāmodāhṛtyoccārya vartamānānāṃ brahma-vādināṃ yajñādayaḥ pravartante
Baladeva
yasmād evaṃ tasmād om iti nirdeśam udāhṛtyoccāryānuṣṭhitā brahma-vādināṃ sāttvikānāṃ trai-varṇikānāṃ yajñādyāḥ kriyāḥ pravartante | aṅga-vaikalye ‚pi sāṅgatāṃ bhajantīti
BhG 17.25
tad ity anabhisaṃdhāya phalaṃ yajña-tapaḥ-kriyāḥ
dāna-kriyāś ca vividhāḥ kriyante mokṣa-kāṅkṣibhiḥ
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syntax
tat iti [udāhṛtya] (TAT after declaring)
phalam (fruit) anabhisandhāya (not aiming at),
mokṣa-kāṅkṣibhiḥ (by those desiring liberation) vividhāḥ (different) yajña-tapaḥ-kriyāḥ (acts of sacrifice and austerity) dāna-kriyāḥ ca (and acts of charity) kriyante (they are done).
grammar
| tat | – | tat sn. 1n.1 n. – that; |
| iti | – | av. – thus (used to close the quotation); |
| anabhisaṁdhāya | – | na abhi-sam-√dhā (to aim at) absol. – not aiming at; |
| phalam | – | phala 2n.1 n. – fruit, result (from: √phal – to ripen); |
| yajña-tapaḥ-kriyāḥ | – | yajña-tapaḥ-kriya 1n.3 m.; DV / TP: yajñānāṁ ca tapasāṁ ca kriyā iti – acts of sacrifice and austerity (from: √yaj – to consecrate, to sacrifice, to worship, yajña – sacrifice, worship, name of Viṣṇu; √tap – to scorch, tapas – heat, austerity; √kṛ – to do, kriyā – act, work, especially religious one); |
| dāna-kriyāḥ | – | dāna-kriya 1n.3 m.; TP: dānānāṁ kriyā iti – acts of charity (from: √dā – to give, dāna – gift, charity; √kṛ – to do, kriyā – act, work, especially religious one); |
| ca | – | av. – and; |
| vividhāḥ | – | vi-vidha 1n.3 n. – manifold, different; |
| kriyante | – | √kṛ (to do) Praes. pass. 1v.3 – they are done; |
| mokṣa-kāṅkṣibhiḥ | – | mokṣa-kāṅkṣin 3n.3 m.; TP: ye mokṣaṁ kāṅkṣanti taiḥ – by those desiring liberation (from: √muc – to liberate, mokṣa – liberation, deliverance, casting away; ā-√kāṅkṣ – to desire, to expect, ākāṅkṣā – eager desire, longing; -in, -min, -vin – sufixes meaning one who possesses); |
textual variants
yajña-tapaḥ-kriyāḥ → yajñas tapaḥ-kriyāḥ / yajñās tapaḥ-kriyāḥ (sacrifice and acts of austerity / sacrifices and acts of austerity);
dāna-kriyāś ca → dānaḥ kriyāś ca (gift and acts);
kriyante → kriyaṁtām (they should be done);
Śāṃkara
tad ity anabhisaṃdhāya | tad iti brahmābhidhānam uccāryānabhisaṃdhāyaś ca yajñādi-karmaṇaḥ phalaṃ yajña-tapaḥ-kriyā yajña-kriyāś ca tapaḥ-kriyāś ca yajña-tapaḥ-kriyā dāna-kriyāś ca vividhāḥ kṣetra-hiraṇya-pradānādi-lakṣaṇāḥ kriyante nirvartyante mokṣa-kāṅkṣibhir mokṣārthibhir mumukṣubhiḥ
Rāmānuja
athaiteṣāṃ tad iti śabdānvayaprakāram āha
phalam anabhisandhāya vedādhyayanayajñatapodānakriyāḥ mokṣakāṅkṣibhis traivarṇikair yāḥ kriyante, tāḥ brahmaprāptisādhanatayā brahmavācinā tad iti śabdena nirdeśyāḥ; „sa vaḥ kaḥ kiṃ yat tat padam anuttamam” iti tacchabdo hi brahmavācī prasiddhaḥ / evaṃ vedādhyayanayajñādīnāṃ mokṣasādhanabhūtānāṃ tacchabdanirdeśyatayā tad iti śabdānvaya uktaḥ / traivarṇikānām api tathāvidhavedādhyayanādyanuṣṭhānād eva tacchabdānvaya upapannaḥ
Śrīdhara
dvitīyaṃ nāma prastautīti tad iti tad ity udāhṛtya iti pūrvasyānuṣaṅgaḥ | tad ity udāhṛtyoccārya śuddha-cittair mokṣa-kāṅkṣibhiḥ puruṣaiḥ phalābhisandhim akṛtvā yajñādyāḥ kriyāḥ kriyante | ataś citta-śodhana-dvāreṇa phala-saṅkalpa-tyajanena mumukṣutva-sampādakatvāt tac-chabda-nirdeśaḥ praśasta ity arthaḥ
Madhusūdana
dvitīyaṃ tac-chabdaṃ vyācaṣṭe tad iti | tattvam asi ity ādi-śruti-prasiddhaṃ tad iti brahmaṇo nāmodāhṛtya phalam anabhisandhāyāntaḥ-karaṇa-śuddhy-arthaṃ yajña-tapaḥ-kriyā dāna-kriyāś ca vividhā mokṣa-kāṅkṣibhiḥ kriyante tasmād atipraśastam etat
Baladeva
tad iti nirdeśam udāhṛtya phalam anabhisandhāya yajñādī-kriyā mokṣa-kāṅkṣibhis taiḥ kriyante anuṣṭhīyante | niṣkāmatayā mumukṣā-sampādanān mahā-prabhāvas tac-chabdaḥ
BhG 17.26
sad-bhāve sādhu-bhāve ca sad ity etat prayujyate
praśaste karmaṇi tathā sac-chabdaḥ pārtha yujyate
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syntax
he pārtha (O son of Pṛthā!),
sad-bhāve (in the sense of being) sādhu-bhāve ca (and in the sense of saintliness) sat iti (SAT)
etat (this) prayujyate (it is used),
tathā (in that manner) praśaste (in a praise) karmaṇi ca (and in activity) sac-śabdaḥ (the word SAT) yujyate (it is used).
grammar
| sad-bhāve | – | sad-bhāva 7n.1 m. – in the sense of being (from: xas – to be, PPr sant – being, existing, true, the essence; √bhū – to be, bhāva – state, existence, nature, emotions); |
| sādhu-bhāve | – | sādhu-bhāva 7n.1 m. – in the sense of saintliness (from: √sādh – to succeed, sādhu – right, noble, saintly; √bhū – to be, bhāva – state, existence, nature, emotions); |
| ca | – | av. – and; |
| sat | – | sant (√as – to be) PPr 1n.1 n. – being, existing, true, the essence; |
| iti | – | av. – thus (used to close the quotation); |
| etat | – | etat sn. 1n.1 n. – to; |
| prayujyate | – | pra-√yuj (to yoke, to speak, to use) Praes. pass. 1v.1 – it is used, it is engaged; |
| praśaste | – | praśasta (pra-√śaṁs – to praise, to extol) PP 7n.1 – in a praised, in an auspicious; |
| karmaṇi | – | karman 7n.1 n. – in activity (from: √kṛ – to do); |
| tathā | – | av. – in that manner, so, in like manner; |
| sac-chabdaḥ | – | sat-śabda 1n.1 m. – sound SAT (from: √as – to be; PPr sant – being, existing, true, the essence; śabda – sound, słowo); |
| pārtha | – | pārtha 8n.1 m. – O son of Pṛthā (from: √pṛth – to extend, pṛthā – Kuntī, mother of the sons of Pāṇḍu); |
| yujyate | – | √yuj (to join, to engage) Praes. pass. 1v.1 – it is used; |
textual variants
praśaste karmaṇi → praśasta-karmaṇi (in a praised activity);
sac-chabdaḥ → sa-chaṁdaḥ / sa śabdaḥ (with one’s own will / that sound);
pārtha yujyate → pārtha gīyate / paripaṭḥyate / pārtha ucyate (O son of Pṛthā, it is sung / it is recited / O son of Pṛthā, it is said);
Śāṃkara
oṃ-tac-chabdayor viniyoga uktaḥ | athedānīṃ sac-chabdasya viniyogaḥ kathyate—
sad-bhāve | asataḥ sad-bhāve yathā-vidyamānasya putrasya janmani | tathā sādhu-bhāve cāsad-vṛttasyāsādhoḥ sad-vṛttatā sādhu-bhāvas tasmin sādhu-bhāve ca | sad ity etad abhidhānaṃ brahmaṇaḥ prayujyate’bhidhīyate | praśaste karmaṇi vivāhādau ca tathā sac-chabdaḥ pārtha yujyate prayujyata ity etat
Rāmānuja
athaiṣāṃ sacchabdānvayaprakāraṃ vaktuṃ loke sacchabdasya vyutpattiprakāram āha
sadbhāve vidyamānatāyām, sādhubhāve kalyāṇabhāve ca sarvavastuṣu sad ity etat padaṃ prayujyate lokavedayoḥ / tathā kenacit puruṣeṇānuṣṭhite laukike praśaste kalyāṇe karmaṇi satkarmedam iti sacchabdo yujyate prayujyate ityarthaḥ
Śrīdhara
sac-chabdasya prāśastyam āha sad-bhāva iti dvābhyām | sad-bhāve ‚stitve | deva-dattasya putrādikam astīty asminn arthe | sādhu-bhāve ca sādhutve | deva-dattasya putrādi śreṣī̀oham ity asminn arthe | sad ity etat padaṃ prayujyate | praśaste māṅgalike vivāhādi-karmaṇi ca sad idaṃ karmeti sac-chabdo yujyate prayujyate | saṅgacchata iti vā
Madhusūdana
tṛtīyaṃ sac-cabdaṃ vyācaṣṭe sad-bhāva iti dvābhyām | sad eva somyedam agra āsīt ity ādi-śruti-prasiddhaṃ sad ity etad brahmaṇo nāma sad-bhāve ‚vidyamānatva-śaṅkāyāṃ vidyamānatve sādhu-bhāve cāsādhutva-śaṅkāyāṃ sādhutve caprayujyate śiṣṭaiḥ | tasmād vaiguṇya-parihāreṇa yajñādeḥ sādhutvaṃ tat-phalasya ca vidyamānatvaṃ kartuṃ kṣamam etad ity arthaḥ | tathā sad-bhāva-sādhu-bhāvayor iva praśaste ‚pratibandhenāśu-sukha-janake māṅgalike karmaṇi vivāhādau sac-chabdo he pārtha yujyate prayujyate | tasmād apratibandhenāśu-phala-janakatvaṃ vaiguṇya-parihāreṇa yajñādeḥ samartham etan nāmeti praśastataram etad ity arthaḥ
BhG 17.27
yajñe tapasi dāne ca sthitiḥ sad iti cocyate
karma caiva tad-arthīyaṃ sad ity evābhidhīyate
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syntax
yajñe (in sacrifice) tapasi (in austerity) dāne ca (and in charity) [yā] sthitiḥ (which state) [asti] (it is)
[sā] sat iti (that SAT) ucyate (it is called),
tad-arthīyam ca (and destined for that) karma (activity) sat iti eva (indeed SAT) abhidhīyate (it is called).
grammar
| yajñe | – | yajña 7n.1 m. – in sacrifice, in worship (from: √yaj – to consecrate, to sacrifice, to worship); |
| tapasi | – | tapas 7n.1 n. – in heat, in austerity (from: √tap – to scorch); |
| dāne | – | dāna 7n.1 n. – in charity (from: √dā – to give); |
| ca | – | av. – and; |
| sthitiḥ | – | sthiti 1n.1 f. – staying, state, condition, existence (from: √sthā – to stand); |
| sat | – | sant (√as – to be) PPr 1n.1 n. – being, existing, true, the essence; |
| iti | – | av. – thus (used to close the quotation); |
| ca | – | av. – and; |
| ucyate | – | √vac (to speak) Praes. pass. 1v.1 – it is said; |
| karma | – | karman 1n.1 n. – activity (from: √kṛ – to do); |
| ca | – | av. – and; |
| eva | – | av. – certainly, just, merely; |
| tad-arthīyam | – | tad-arthīya 1n.1 m.; tasyārthīyam iti – destined for that (from: tat – that; √arth – to strive to obtain, to desire, to request, artha – purpose, advantage, concern, object, wealth, arthīya – destined for); |
| sat | – | sant (√as – to be) PPr 1n.1 n. – being, existing, true, the essence; |
| iti | – | av. – thus (used to close the quotation); |
| eva | – | av. – certainly, just, merely; |
| abhidhīyate | – | abhi-√dhā (to name, to speak) Praes. pass. 1v.1 – it is called; |
textual variants
yajñe → yatte (in endeavour);
dāne → dānaṁ (gift);
cocyate → cośyate / codyate ( / in undertaken);
evābhidhīyate → evābhidadhate (indeed it takes);
Śāṃkara
yajñe yajña-karmaṇi yā sthitiḥ, tapasi ca yā sthitiḥ, dāne ca yā sthitiḥ, sā sad iti cocyate vidvadbhiḥ | karma caiva tad-arthīyaṃ yajña-dāna-tapo’rthīyam | athavā, yasyābhidhāna-trayaṃ prakṛtaṃ tad-arthīyaṃ yajña-dāna-tapo’rthīyam īśvarārthīyam ity etat | sad ity evābhidhīyate | tad etad yajña-dāna-tapa-ādi-karmāsāttvikaṃ viguṇam api śraddhā-pūrvakaṃ brahmaṇo ’bhidhāna-traya-prayogeṇa sa-guṇaṃ sāttvikaṃ saṃpāditaṃ bhavati
Rāmānuja
ato vaidikānāṃ traivarṇikānāṃ yajñe tapasi dāne ca sthitiḥ kalyāṇatayā sad ity ucyate / karma ca tadarthīyam traivarṇikārthīyaṃ yajñadānādikaṃ sad ity evābhidhīyate / tasmād vedāḥ vaidikāni karmāṇi brāhmaṇaśabdanirdiṣṭās traivarṇikāś ca oṃ tat sad iti śabdānvayarūpalakṣaṇena avedebhyaś cāvaidikebhyaś ca vyāvṛttā veditavyāḥ
Śrīdhara
kiṃ ca yajña iti | yajñādiṣu ca yā sthitis tātparyenāvasthānaṃ tad api sad ity ucyate | yasya cedaṃ nāma-trayaṃ sa eva paramātmā arthaḥ phalaṃ yasya tat-tad-arthaṃ karma-pūjopahāra-gṛhāṅgana-parimārjanopalepana-raṅga-māṅgalikādi-kriyā tat-siddhaye yad anyat karma kriyata udyāna-śāli-kṣetra-dhanārjanādi-viṣayaṃ tat karma tad-arthīyam | tac cātivyavahitam api sad ity evābhidhīyate | yasmād evam ati-praśastam etan nāma-trayaṃ tasmād etat sarva-karma-sādguṇyārthaṃ kīrayed iti tātparyārthaḥ | atra cārthavādānupapattyā vidhiḥ kalpyate | vidheyaṃ stūyate vastv iti nyāyāt | apare tu pravartante vidhinoktāḥ kriyante mokṣa-kāṅkṣibhiḥ ity ādi vartamānopadeśaḥ samidhā yajatīty ādivad vidhitayā pariṇamanīya ity āhuḥ | tat tu sad-bhāve sādhu-bhāve cety ādiṣu prāptārthatvān na saṅgacchata iti pūrvokta-krameṇa vidhi-kalpanaiva jyāyasī
Madhusūdana
yajñe tapasi dāne ca yā sthitis tat-paratayāvasthitir niṣṭhā sāpi sad ity ucyate vidvadbhiḥ | karma caiva tad-arthīyaṃ teṣu yajña-dāna-tapo-rūpeṣv artheṣu bhavaṃ tad-anukūlam eva ca karma tad-arthīyaṃ bhagavad-arpaṇa-buddhyā kriyamāṇaṃ karma vā tad-arthīyaṃ sad ity evābhidhīyate | tasmāt sad iti nāma karma-vaiguṇyāpanodana-samarthaṃ praśastataram | yasyaikaiko ‚vayavo ‚py etādṛśaḥ kiṃ vaktavyaṃ tat-samudāyasya oṃ tat sad iti nirdeśasya māhātmyam iti saṃpiṇḍitārthaḥ
Viśvanātha
brahma-vācakaḥ sac-chabdaḥ praśasteṣv api vartate | tasmāt praśasta-mātre karmaṇi prākṛte ‚prākṛte ‚pi sac-chabdaḥ prayoktavya ity āśayenāha sad-bhāva iti dvābhyām | sad-bhāve brahmatve sādhu-bhāve brahma-vāditve prayujyate saṅgacchata ity arthaḥ | yajñādau sthitir yajñādi-tātparyeṇāvasthānam ity arthaḥ | tad-arthīyaṃ karma brahmacaryopayogi yat karma bhagavan-mandira-mārjanādikam tad api
Baladeva
sad iti nirdeśaḥ praśasteṣv arthāntareṣu vartate tasmāt praśaste karma-mātre sa prayojya iti bhāvenāha sad-bhāva iti dvābhyām | sad-bhāve brahma-bhāve sādhu-bhāve ca brahma-jñatve ‚bhidhāyakatayā sac-chabdaḥ prayujyate sad eva saumya ity ādau | satāṃ prasaṅgāt ity ādau ca | tathā praśaste upanayana-vivāhādike ca māṅgalike karmaṇi sac-chabdo yujyate saṅgacchate | yajñādau yā teṣāṃ sthitis tātparyeṇāvasthitis tad api sad ity ucyate | yasyedaṃ nāma-trayaṃ tad-arthīyaṃ karma ca tan-mandira-nirmāṇa-tad-vimārjanādi sad ity abhidhīyate | atra trividho ‚yaṃ nirdeśaḥ smartavya iti vidhiḥ kalpyate | vaṣaṭ-kartuḥ prathamaṃ bhakṣyaḥ ity ādāv iva vacanāni tv apūrvatvād iti nyāyād yajña-dānādi-saṃyogāc cāsya tad-vaiguṇyam eva phalam |
pramādāt kurvatāṃ karma pracyavetādhvareṣu yat |
smaraṇād eva tad viṣṇoḥ sampūrṇaṃ syād iti śrutiḥ || iti smaraṇāc ca
BhG 17.28
aśraddhayā hutaṃ dattaṃ tapas taptaṃ kṛtaṃ ca yat
asad ity ucyate pārtha na ca tat pretya no iha
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syntax
he pārtha (O son of Pṛthā!),
aśraddhayā (without faith) yat (that which) hutam (offered in sacrifice) dattam (given in charity) tapaḥ (austerity) taptam (undergone) kṛtaṁ ca (and done) [asti] (it is),
[tat] asat iti (that non-existence) ucyate (it is called),
tat na iha (that not here) na ca pretya (and not after death) [phalati] (it gives fruit).
grammar
| aśraddhayā | – | a-śraddhā 3n.1 f. – without faith (from: śrat – in compounds: faith; √dhā – to put [faith]; śraddhā – faith, confidence); |
| hutam | – | huta (from: √hu – to offer into fire) PP 1n.1 n. – offered in sacrifice; |
| dattam | – | datta (√dā – to give) PP 1n.1 n. – given; |
| tapaḥ | – | tapas 1n.1 n. – heat, austerity (from: √tap – to scorch); |
| taptam | – | √tap (to scorch) PP 1n.1 n. – undergone; |
| kṛtam | – | kṛta (√kṛ – to do) PP 1n.1 n. – done; |
| ca | – | av. – and; |
| yat | – | yat sn. 1n.1 n. – that which; |
| asat | – | a-sant (√as – to be) PPr 1n.1 n. – untrue, non-existing (from: sant – being, existing, true, the essence); |
| iti | – | av. – thus (used to close the quotation); |
| ucyate | – | √vac (to speak) Praes. pass. 1v.1 – it is said; |
| pārtha | – | pārtha 8n.1 m. – O son of Pṛthā (from: √pṛth – to extend, pṛthā – Kuntī, mother of the sons of Pāṇḍu); |
| na | – | av. – not; |
| ca | – | av. – and; |
| tat | – | tat sn. 1n.1 n. – that; |
| pretya | – | pra-√i (to go away, to die) absol. – having died, after death, in the next world (opposite to: iha – here); |
| na | – | av. – not; |
| iha | – | av. – here (often meaning: in this world); |
textual variants
dattaṁ → dānaṁ (gift);
asad ity → asatīty (in non-existence);
ca tat → caitat (and this);
Śāṃkara
tatra ca sarvatra śraddhā-pradhānatayā sarvaṃ saṃpādyate yasmāt, tasmāt—
aśraddhayā hutaṃ havanaṃ kṛtam | aśraddhayā dattaṃ brāhmaṇebhyaḥ | aśraddhayā tapas taptam anuṣṭhitam | tathāśraddhayaiva kṛtaṃ yat stuti-namaskārādi, tat sarvam asad ity ucyate mat-prāpti-sādhana-mārga-bāhyatvāt pārtha | na ca tad bahulāyāsam api pretya phalāya no apīhārtham, sādhubhir ninditatvād iti
Rāmānuja
aśraddhayā kṛtaṃ śāstrīyam api homādikam asad ity ucyate / kutaḥ ? na ca tat pretya, no iha na mokṣāya, na sāṃsārikāya ca phalāyeti
Śrīdhara
idānīṃ sarva-karmasu śraddhayaiva praṛtty-artham aśraddhayā kṛtaṃ sarvaṃ nindati aśraddhayeti | aśraddhayā hutaṃ havanam | dattaṃ dānam | tapas taptaṃ nirvartitam | yac cānyad api kṛtaṃ karma | tat sarvam asad ity ucyate yatas tat pretya lokāntare na phalati viguṇatvāt | no iha na ca asmin loke phalati ayaśaskatvāt |
Madhusūdana
yady ālasyādinā śāstrīyaṃ vidhim utsṛjya śraddadhānatayaiva vṛddha-vyavahāra-mātreṇa yajña-tapo-dānādi kurvatāṃ pramādād vaiguṇyaṃ prāpta oṃ tat sad iti brahma-nirdeśena tat-parihāras tarhy aśraddadhānatayā śāstrīyaṃ vidhim utsṛjya kāma-kāreṇa yat kiṃcid yajñādi kurvatām asurāṇām api tenaiva vaiguṇya-parihāraḥ syād iti kṛtaṃ śraddhayā sāttvikatva-hetu-bhūtayety ata āha aśraddhayeti | aśraddhayā yad dhutaṃ havanaṃ kṛtam agnau dattaṃ yad brāhmaṇebhyo yat tapas taptaṃ yac cānyat karma kṛtaṃ stuti-namaskārādi tat sarvam aśraddhayā kṛtam asad asādhv ity ucyate | ata eva oṃ tat sad iti nirdeśena na tasya sādhu-bhāvaḥ śakyate kartuṃ sarvathā tad-ayogyatvāc chilāyā ivāṅkuraḥ |
tat kasmād asad ity ucyate śṛṇu he pārtha | co hetau | yasmāt tad-aśraddhākṛtaṃ na pretya para-loke phalati viguṇatvenāpūrvājanakatvāt | no iha nāpīha loke yaśaḥ sādhubhir ninditatvāt | ata aihikāmuṣmika-phala-vikalatvād aśraddhā-kṛtasya sāttvikyā śraddhayaiva sāttvikaṃ yajñādi kuryād antaḥ-karaṇa-śuddhaye | tādṛśasyaiva śraddhā-pūrvakasya sāttvikasya yajñāder daivād vaiguṇya-śaṅkāyāṃ brahmaṇo nāma-nirdeśena sādguṇyaṃ sampādanīyam iti paramārthaḥ | śraddhā-pūrvakam asāttvikam api yajñādi viguṇaṃ brahmaṇo nāma-nirdeśena sāttvikaṃ sa-guṇaṃ ca sampāditaṃ bhavatīti bhāṣyam |
tad evam asminn adhyāya ālasyādinānādṛta-śāstrāṇāṃ śraddhā-pūrvakaṃ vṛddha-vyavahāra-mātreṇa pravartamānānāṃ śāstrānādareṇāsura-sādharmyeṇa śraddhā-pūrvakānuṣṭhānena ca deva-sādharmyeṇa kim asurā amī devā vety arjuna-saṃśaya-viṣayāṇāṃ rājasa-tāmasa-śraddhā-pūrvakaṃ rājasa-tāmasa-yajñādi-kāriṇo ‚surāḥ śāstrīya-jñāna-sādhanān adhikāriṇaḥ sāttvika-śraddhā-pūrvakaṃ sāttvika-yajñādi-kāriṇas tu devāḥ śāstrīya-jñāna-sādhanādhikāriṇa iti śraddhā-traividhya-pradarśana-mukhenāhārādi-traividhya-pradarśanena bhagavatā nirṇayaḥ kṛta iti siddham
Viśvanātha
sat karma śrutam | tathāsat karma kim ity apekṣāyām āha aśraddayeti | hutaṃ havanam | dattaṃ dānam | tapas taptaṃ kṛtam | yad anyac cāpi karma kṛtaṃ tat sarvam asad iti hutam apy ahutam eva | dattam apy adattam eva | tapo ‚py ataptam eva kṛtam apy akṛtam eva | yatas tat na pretya na para-loke phalati nāpīha-loke phalati
Baladeva
atha sāttvikyā śraddhayā sarveṣu karmasu pravartitavyam | tayā vinā sarvaṃ vyartham iti nindati aśraddhayeti | hutaṃ homo | dattaṃ dānam | taptam anuṣṭhitaṃ yac cānyad api stuti-praṇaty-ādi-karma kṛtaṃ, tat sarvam asan nindyam ity ucyate | kuta ity atrāha na ceti | hetau ca-śabdo yato ‚śraddhayā kṛtaṃ, tat pretya para-loke na phalati viguṇāt tasmāt pūrvānutpatter nāpīha loke kīrtiḥ sadbhir ninditatvāt
BhG 17.colophon
iti śrī-mahābhārate bhiṣma-parvaṇi ekona-catvāriṃso ‘dhyāyaḥ
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textual variants
iti śrī-mahābhārate śata-sāhasryāṃ saṃhitāyāṃ vaiyāsakyāṃ bhīṣma-parvaṇi*
In the venerable Mahābhārata, [which is] Vyāsa’s saṁhitā [composed] of one hundred thousand [verses], in Bhīṣma-parvan
śrīmad-bhagavad-gītāsu upaniṣatsu brahma-vidyāyāṃ yoga-śāstre śrī-kṛṣṇārjuna-saṃvāde śraddhā-guṇa-nirdeśo / śraddhā-viveka-yogo / śraddhā-guṇa-bhedo / śraddhā-maya-puruṣa-varṇana-pūrvakaṃ tri-guṇa-rūpa-tapa?āhāra-yajña-trividha-tapo-dāna-brahma-nirdeś?oṃ-tat-sad-asat-prayoga-varṇanaṃ / guṇa-karma-śraddhā-viveka-yogo / śraddhā-trividha-yogo / guṇa-yogo / śraddhā-traya-yogo / śraddhā-traya-vibhāga-yogo / siddhāṃta-yogo / prakṛti-guṇa-saṃyogo / karma-guṇa-vibhāga-yogo / śāstra-yogo / śraddhā-vibhāga-yogo / guṇa-nirdeśa-yogo nāma saptadaśo ‘dhyāyaḥ
in glorious songs of the Lord, in the upaniṣads, in the knowledge of brahman, in the science of yoga, in the dialogue of Śrī Kṛṣṇa and Arjuna thus [ends] the seventeenth chapter entitled: Instruction on Faith and the Guṇas / The Yoga of Discussion on Faith / Divisions of Faith and the Guṇas / Description of Applying OM TAT SAT and ASAT, Instructions on Brahman Being the Threefold Charity, Austerity, Sacrifice, Food, which Appear in the Form of the Three Guṇas; Preceded by the Description of a Man Whose Nature Is Faith / The Yoga of Discussion on the Guṇas, Acts and Faith / The Yoga of Threefold Faith / The Yoga of the Guṇas / The Yoga of the Threefold Faith / The Yoga of Division into Three Kinds of Faith / The Yoga od Conclusions / Relation of Nature and the Guṇas / The Yoga of Division of Acts and the Guṇas / The Yoga of Instructions / The Yoga of Divisions of Faith / The Yoga of Instruction on the Guṇas.
* This part of a colophon comes from: Śrīmad-Bhagavad-gītā (Bengali script), commentary of: Śrīdhara Svāmipāda “Subodhinī”, Bengali translation: Nārāyaṇa-dāsa Bhakti-sudhā-kara, Gaudīya mission Kalkuta 1996r.
Śrīdhara
rajas-tamo-mayīṃ tyaktvā śraddhāṃ sattva-mayīṃ śritaḥ |
tattva-jñāne ‚dhikārī syād iti saptadaśe sthitam ||
iti śrī-śrīdhara-svāmi-kṛtāyāṃ bhagavad-gītā-ṭīkāyāṃ subodhinyāṃ
śraddhā-traya-vibhāga-yogo nāma saptadaśo ‚dhyāyaḥ ||
Viśvanātha
ukteṣu vividheṣv eva sāttvikaṃ śraddhayā kṛtam |
yat syāt tad eva mokṣārham ity adhyāyārtha īritaḥ ||
iti sārārtha-varṣiṇyāṃ harṣiṇyāṃ bhakta-cetasām |
gītāsv ayaṃ saptadaśaḥ saṅgataḥ saṅgataḥ satām ||
Baladeva
śraddhāṃ svabhāvajāṃ hitvā śāstrajāṃ tāṃ samāśritaḥ |
niḥśreyasādhikārī syād iti saptadaśī sthitiḥ ||
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