BhG 14.10

syntax

he bhārata (O descendant of Bhārata!),
sattvam (sattva) rajaḥ tamaḥ ca (rajas and tamas) abhibhūya (after overcoming) bhavati (it stays),
rajaḥ (rajas) sattvam tamaḥ ca eva (indeed sattva and tamas) [abhibhūya] (after overcoming) [bhavati] (it stays),
tathā (similarly) tamaḥ (tamas) sattvaṁ rajaḥ ca (sattva and rajas) [abhibhūya] (after overcoming) bhavati (it stays).

grammar

rajaḥ	–	rajas 2n.1 n. – coloured, dust, passion, one of the three guṇas (from: √rañj – to be dyed, be excited, be delighted);
tamaḥ	–	tamas 2n.1 n. – darkness, gloom, dullness, passivity, one of the three guṇas (from: √tam – to choke, to faint, to perish, to stop);
ca	–	av. – and;
abhibhūya	–	abhi-√bhū (to overcome, to predominate) absol. – after overcoming;
sattvam	–	sattva (√as – to be, PPr sant – being, existing, true, the essence) abst. 1n.1 n. – being, essence, wisdom, spirit, one of the three guṇas;
bhavati	–	√bhū (to be) Praes. P 1v.1 – it  becomes;
bhārata	–	bhārata 8n.1 m. – O descendant of Bhārata;
rajaḥ	–	rajas 1n.1 n. – coloured, dust, passion, one of the three guṇas (from: √rañj – to be dyed, be excited, be delighted);
sattvam	–	sattva (√as – to be, PPr sant – being, existing, true, the essence) abst. 2n.1 n. – being, essence, wisdom, spirit, one of the three guṇas;
tamaḥ	–	tamas 2n.1 n. – darkness, gloom, dullness, passivity, one of the three guṇas (from: √tam – to choke, to faint, to perish, to stop);
ca	–	av. – and;
eva	–	av. – certainly, just, merely;
tamaḥ	–	tamas 1n.1 n. – darkness, gloom, dullness, passivity, one of the three guṇas (from: √tam – to choke, to faint, to perish, to stop);
sattvam	–	sattva (√as – to be, PPr sant – being, existing, true, the essence) abst. 2n.1 n. – being, essence, wisdom, spirit, one of the three guṇas;
rajaḥ	–	rajas 2n.1 n. – coloured, dust, passion, one of the three guṇas (from: √rañj – to be dyed, be excited, be delighted);
tathā	–	av. – in that manner, so, in like manner;

textual variants

cābhibhūya → cāpi bhūya (and it just becomes);
sattvaṁ bhavati bhārata → sattvaṁ bhārata vardhate / sattvaṁ vartate bhārata (O descendant of Bhārata, sattva increases / O descendant of Bhārata, sattva is active);
tamaś → damaś (taming, sense-control);

Śāṃkara

uktaṃ kāryaṃ kadā kurvanti guṇāḥ ? ity ucyate—
rajas tamaś ca ubhāv apy abhibhūya sattvaṃ bhavati udbhavati vardhate yadā, tadā labdhātmakaṃ sattvaṃ sva-kāryaṃ jñāna-sukhādy ārabhate | he bhārata ! tathā rajo-guṇaḥ sattvaṃ tamaś caiva ubhāv apy abhibhūya vardhate yadā, tadā karma tṛṣṇādi sva-kāryam ārabhate | tama-ākhyo guṇaḥ sattvaṃ rajaś ca ubhāv apy abhibhūya tathaiva vardhate yadā, tadā jñānāvaraṇādi sva-kāryam ārabhate

Rāmānuja

dehākārapariṇatāyāḥ prakṛteḥ svarūpānubandhinaḥ sattvādayo guṇāḥ; te ca svarūpānubandhitvena sarvadā sarve vartante iti parasparaviruddhaṃ kāryaṃ kathaṃ janayantīty atra āha
yady api sattvādyas trayaḥ prakṛtisaṃsṛṣṭātmasvarūpānubandhinaḥ, tathāpi prācīnakarmavaśād dehāpy āyanabhūtāhāravaiṣamyāc ca sattvādayaḥ parasparasamudbhavābhibhavarūpeṇa vartante / rajastamasī kadācid abhibhūya sattvam udriktaṃ vartate; tathā tamassattve abhibhūya rajaḥ kadācit; kadācic ca rajassattve abhibhūya tamaḥ

Śrīdhara

tatra hetum āha raja iti | rajas-tamaś ceti guṇa-dvayam abhibhūya tiraskṛtya sattvaṃ bhavati | adṛṣṭa-vaśād udbhavati | tataḥ svakārye sukha-jñānādau sañjayatīty arthaḥ | evaṃ rajo ‚pi sattvaṃ tamaś ceti guṇa-dvayam abhibhūyodbhavati | tataḥ svakārye tṛṣṇākarmādau sañjayati | evaṃ tamo ‚pi sattvaṃ rajaś cobhāv api guṇāv abhibhūyodbhavati | tataś ca sva-kārye pramādālasyādau sañjayatīty arthaḥ

Madhusūdana

uktaṃ kāryaṃ kadā kurvanti guṇāḥ ? ity ucyate raja iti | rajas tamaś ca yugapad ubhāv api guṇāv abhibhūya sattvaṃ bhavati udbhavati vardhate yadā, tadā sva-kāryaṃ prāg-uktam asādhāraṇyena karotīti śeṣaḥ | evaṃ rajo ‚pi sattvaṃ tamaś ceti guṇa-dvayam abhibhūyodbhavati yadā, tadā sva-kāryam prāg-uktaṃ karoti | tathā tadvad eva tamo ‚pi sattvaṃ rajaś cety ubhāv api guṇāv abhibhūyodbhavati yadā, tadā sva-kāryam prāg-uktaṃ karotīty arthaḥ

Viśvanātha

uktaṃ sva-sva-kāryaṃ sukhādikaṃ prati guṇāḥ kathaṃ prabhavantīty apekṣāyām āha rajas tamaś ceti guṇa-dvayam abhibhūya tiraskṛtya sattvaṃ bhavati adṛṣṭa-vaśād udbhavati | evaṃ rajo ‚pi sattvaṃ tamaś ceti guṇa-dvayābhibhūya tādṛśādṛṣṭa-vaśād udbhavati | tamo ‚pi sattvaṃ rajaś cobhāv api guṇāv abhibhūyodbhavati

Baladeva

sameṣu triṣu katham akasmād ekasyotkarṣa iti cet prācīna-tādṛśa-karmodayāt tādṛśāhārāc ca svabhavatīti bhavavān āha raja iti | sattvaṃ kartṛ rajas tamaś cābhibhūyo tiraskṛtyotkṛṣṭaṃ bhavati | rajaḥ kartṛ sattvaṃ tamaś cābhibhūyotkṛṣṭaṃ bhavati | tamaḥ kartṛ sattvaṃ rajaś cābhibhūyotkṛṣṭaṃ bhavati | yadotkṛṣṭaṃ bhavati, tadā pūrvoktam asādhāraṇaṃ kāryaṃ karotīti śeṣaḥ