BhG 2.49
dūreṇa hy avaraṃ karma buddhi-yogād dhanaṃjaya
buddhau śaraṇam anviccha kṛpaṇāḥ phala-hetavaḥ
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syntax
he dhanaṁjaya (O winner of wealth!),
hi (indeed) buddhi-yogāt (than yoga evolved from intelligence) karma (activity) dūreṇa (by far) avaram (inferior) [asti] (is),
[tasmāt] (therefore) [tvam] (you) buddhau (in intelligence) śaraṇam (shelter) anviccha (seek),
phala-hetavaḥ (who are the cause of the results) [narāḥ] (people) kṛpaṇāḥ (pitiable) [santi] (they are).
grammar
| dūreṇa | – | av. – by far (from: dūra – distant, far, great); |
| hi | – | av. – because, just, indeed, surely; |
| avaram | – | avara 1n.1 n. – low, mean, younger, inferior (from: ava – down or from: √vṛ – to choose, to like, vara – chosen, the best, most excellent); |
| karma | – | karman 1n.1 n. – activity and its result (from: √kṛ – to do); |
| buddhi-yogād | – | buddhi-yoga 5n.1 m.; TP: buddhyā kṛtād yogād iti – than yoga evolved from intelligence (from: √budh – to wake, to perceive, to understand; buddhi – intelligence, thought, understanding, knowledge, idea, opinion; √yuj – to yoke, to join, to engage, yoga – yoga, yoking, application, a means, one of the schools of Hindu philosophy); |
| dhanaṁjaya | – | dhanaṁ-jaya 8n.1 m. – O winner of wealth, O Dhanaṁjaya (yo dhanaṁ jayati saḥ – one who wins wealth; dhana – booty, prey, riches; √ji – to conquer, jaya – victory); |
| buddhau | – | buddhi 7n.1 f. – in intelligence, in thought, in understanding, in knowledge, in an idea (from: √budh – to wake, to perceive, to understand); |
| śaraṇam | – | śaraṇa 2n.1 n. – shelter, refuge, protection (from: √śri – to turn towards, to lean on, to rest on, to resort); |
| anviccha | – | anu-√iṣ (to desire, to seek) Imperat. P 2v.1 – seek, desire; |
| kṛpaṇāḥ | – | kṛpaṇa 1n.3 m. – who are pitiable, miserable, poor (from: √kṛp – to lament, to pity, to long for; kṛpā – grief, pity, compassion, tenderness); |
| phala-hetavaḥ | – | phala-hetu 1n.3 m.; BV: yeṣāṁ phalānāṁ hetur asti te – who are the cause of the results (from: √phal – to ripen; phala – fruit, result; hetu – cause, motive, reason); |
Śāṃkara
The key:
an excerpt from the commented verse
quotes from the scriptures
starting polemic
|
In comparison with action thus performed in the service of the Isvara with evenness of mind, |
yat punaḥ samatva-buddhi-yuktam īśvarārādhanārthaṃ karmoktam, etasmāt karmaṇaḥ – | |
|
Verily action is far inferior to devotion in wisdom (buddhi-yoga), O Dhanaṁjaya. |
dūreṇa hy avaraṃ karma buddhi-yogād dhanaṃjaya | buddhau śaraṇam anviccha kṛpaṇāḥ phala-hetavaḥ ||2.49|| |
|
|
Action done by a seeker of its reward is far inferior to devotion in wisdom, i.e., to action performed with evenness of mind; for, the former is the cause of birth and death, |
dūreṇa ativiprakarṣeṇa atyantam eva hy avaram adhamaṃ nikṛṣṭaṃ karma phalārthinā kriyamāṇaṃ buddhi-yogāt samatva-buddhi-yuktāt karmaṇaḥ, janma-maraṇādi-hetutvāt | | |
|
O Dhanaṁjaya. Wherefore, seek shelter in the wisdom of Yoga, or rather in the wisdom of Sankhya, which latter arises when Yoga attains maturity. That is, seek refuge in the knowledge of the Supreme Reality. |
he dhanaṃjaya, yata evaṃ tataḥ yoga-viṣayāyāṃ buddhau tat-paripāka-jāyāṃ vā sāṃkhya-buddhau śaraṇam āśrayam abhaya-prāpti-kāraṇam anviccha prārthayasva, paramārtha-jñāna-śaraṇo bhavety arthaḥ | | |
| For, wretched are they who resort to inferior action, who are incited to action by thirst for its fruit. The śruti says: „O Gargi, wretched is he who departs from this world without knowing the Akshara, the Imperishable.” (Bṛh-up. 3.8.10) | yato ’varaṃ karma kurvāṇāḥ kṛpaṇāḥ dīnāḥ phala-hetavaḥ phala-tṛṣṇā-prayuktāḥ santaḥ, yo vā etad akṣaraṃ gārgy aviditvāsmāl lokāt praiti sa kṛpaṇaḥ (Bṛh-up. 3.8.10) iti śruteḥ ||2.49|| |
Rāmānuja
kim artham idam asakṛd ucyate? ity ata āha—dūreṇa iti | yo’yaṃ pradhāna-phala-tyāga-viṣayo’vāntara-phala-siddhy-asiddhyoḥ samatva-viṣayaś ca buddhi-yogaḥ | tad-yuktāt karmaṇaḥ itarat-karma dūreṇāvaram | mahad etad dvayor utkarṣāpakarṣa-rūpaṃ vairūpyam | ukta-buddhi-yoga-yuktaṃ karma nikhilaṃ sāṃsārikaṃ duḥkhaṃ vinivartya parama-puruṣārtha-lakṣaṇaṃ ca mokṣaṃ prāpayati | itarad aparimita-duḥkha-rūpaṃ saṃsāram iti ataḥ karmaṇi kriyamāṇe uktāyāṃ buddhau śaraṇam anviccha | śaraṇaṃ vāsa-sthānam | tasyām eva buddhau vartasva ity arthaḥ | kṛpaṇāḥ phala-hetavaḥ phala-saṅgādinā karma kurvāṇāḥ kṛpaṇāḥ saṃsāriṇo bhaveyuḥ
Śrīdhara
kāmyaṃ tu karmātinikṛṣṭam ity āha dūreṇeti | buddhyā vyavasāyātmikayā kṛtaḥ karma-yogo buddhi-yogo buddhi-sādhana-bhūto vā, tasmāt sakāśād anyat sādhana-bhūtaṃ kāmyaṃ karma dūreṇa avaraṃ atyantam apakṛṣṭaṃ hi | yasmād evaṃ tasmād buddhau jñāne śaraṇam āśrayaṃ karma-yogam anviccha anutiṣṭha | yad vā buddhau śaraṇaṃ trātāram īśvaram āśrayety arthaḥ | phalahetur astu sakāmā narāḥ kṛpaṇā dīnāḥ yo vā etad akṣaram gārgy aviditvā asmāl lokāt praiti sa kṛpaṇa [BAU 3.8.10] iti śruteḥ
Madhusūdana
nanu kiṃ karmānuṣṭhānam eva puruṣārtho yena niṣphalam eva sadā kartavyam ity ucyate prayojanam anuddiśya na mando ‚pi pravartate iti nyāyāt | tad varaṃ phala-kāmanayaiva karmānuṣṭhānam iti cen nety āha dūreṇeti | buddhi-yogād ātma-buddhi-sādhana-bhūtān niṣkāma-karma-yogād dūreṇātiviprakarṣeṇāvaram adhamaṃ karma phalābhisandhinā kriyamāṇaṃ janma-maraṇa-hetu-bhūtam | athavā paramātma-buddhi-yogād dūreṇāvaraṃ sarvam api karma yasmād, he dhanañjaya, tasmād buddhau paramātma-buddhau sarvānartha-nivartikāyāṃ śaraṇaṃ pratibandhaka-pāpa-kṣayeṇa rakṣakaṃ niṣkāma-karma-yogam anviccha kartum iccha | ye tu phala-hetavaḥ phala-kāmā avaraṃ karma kurvanti te kṛpaṇāḥ sarvadā janma-maraṇādi-ghaṭī-yantra-bhramaṇena para-vaśā atyanta-dīnā ity arthaḥ | yo vā etad akṣaram gārgy aviditvā asmāl lokāt praiti sa kṛpaṇa [BAU 3.8.10] iti śruteḥ | tathā ca tvam api kṛpaṇo mā bhūḥ kintu sarvānartha-nivartakātma-jñānotpādakaṃ niṣkāma-karma-yogam evānutiṣṭhety abhiprāyaḥ | yathā hi kṛpaṇā janā atiduḥkhena dhanam arjayanto yat kiṃcid dṛṣṭa-sukha-mātra-lobhena dānādi-janitaṃ mahat sukham anubhavituṃ na śaknuvantīty ātmānam eva vañcayanti tathā mahatā duḥkhena karmāṇi kurvāṇāḥ kṣudra-phala-mātra-lobhena paramānandā-nubhavena vañcitā ity aho daurbhāgyaṃ mauḍhyaṃ ca teṣām iti kṛpaṇa-padena dhvanitam
Viśvanātha
sakāma-karma nindati dūreṇeti | avaram atinikṛṣṭaṃ kāmyaṃ karma | buddhi-yogāt parameśvarārpita-niṣāma-karma-yogāt | buddhau niṣkāma-karmaṇy eva buddhi-yogo niṣkāma-karma-yogaḥ
Baladeva
atha kāmya-karmaṇo nikṛṣṭatvam āha dūreṇeti | buddhi-yogād avaraṃ karma dūreṇa, he dhanañjaya, ātma-yāthātmya-buddhi-sādhana-bhūtān niṣkāma-karma-yogāt dūreṇātiviprakarṣeṇāvaram atyapakṛṣṭaṃ janma-maraṇādy-anartha-nimittaṃ kāmyaṃ karmety arthaḥ | hi yasmād evam atas tvaṃ buddhau tad-yāthātmya-jñāne śaraṇam āśrayaṃ niṣkāma-karma-yogam anviccha kuru | ye tu phala-hetavaḥ phala-kāmā avara-karma-kāriṇas te kṛpaṇās tat-phala-janma-karmādi-pravāha-paravaśā dīnā ity arthaḥ | tathā ca tvaṃ kṛpaṇo mābhūr iti iha kṛpaṇāḥ khalu kaṣṭopārjita-vittādṛṣṭa-sukha-lava-lubdhā vittāni dātum asamarthā mahatā dāna-sukhena vañcitās tathā kaṣṭānuṣṭhita-karmāṇas tuccha-tat-phala-lubdhā mahatātma-sukhena vañcitā bhavantīti vyajyate
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