BhG 2.33

atha cet tvam imaṃ dharmyaṃ saṃgrāmaṃ na kariṣyasi
tataḥ sva-dharmaṃ kīrtiṃ ca hitvā pāpam avāpsyasi

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analysis

syntax


atha (moreover) cet (if) tvam (you) imam (this) dharmyam (lawful) saṁgrāmam (battle) na kariṣyasi (you will not do),
tataḥ (then) sva-dharmam (own duties) kīrtim ca (and fame) hitvā (after abandoning),
pāpam (sin) avāpsyasi (you will obtain).

 

grammar

atha – av. – then, now, moreover, certainly, rather;
cet – av. – if;
tvam – yuṣmat sn. 1n.1 – you;
imam – idam sn. 2n.1 m. – this;
dharmyam – dharmya 2n.1 m. – lawful, righteous (from: √dhṛ – to hold, dharma – the law);
saṁgrāmam – saṁ-grāma 2n.1 m. – assembly of people, army, battle;
na – av. – not;
kariṣyasi – √kṛ (to do) Fut. P 2v.1 – you will do;
tataḥ – av. – then, after that, from that, for that reason (from: tat – indeclinable ablative with an ending -tas);
sva-dharmam – sva-dharma 2n.1 m.; TP: svasya dharmam iti – own duties (from: sva – own; √dhṛ – to hold);
 kīrtim – kīrti 2n.1 f. – fame, glory (from: √kīrt – to praise, to glorify);
ca – av. – and;
hitvā – √hā (to leave, to abandon) absol. – after abandoning;
pāpam – pāpa 1n.1 n. – evil, sin;
avāpsyasi – ava-√āp (to obtain) Fut. P 2v.1 – you will obtain;

 

textual variants


tvam imaṃ dharmyaṃ → tvam imaṃ dharmaṃ / tvam dharmyaṃ imaṃ (you this law / you lawful this);
sva-dharmaṁ → su-dharmaṁ / sva-dharmyam (right law / own lawful);

 
 


commentaries

Śāṃkara

The key:
an excerpt from the commented verse
quotes from the scriptures
starting polemic

Though found to be your duty,

 etaṃ kartavyatā-prāptam api –

Now if thou wouldst not fight this lawful battle, then,
having abandoned thine own duty and fame, thou shalt incur sin.

 atha cet tvam imaṃ dharmyaṃ saṃgrāmaṃ na kariṣyasi |
tataḥ sva-dharmaṃ kīrtiṃ ca hitvā pāpam avāpsyasi ||2.33||

If, on the other hand, you will not fight this battle which is enjoined on you as a duty, and which is not opposed to Law, you will, by neglecting this battle, have abandoned your duty and lost the fame that you acquired by your encounter with such persons as Mahadeva. Thus you will only incur sin.

 atha cet tvam imaṃ dharmyaṃ dharmād anapetaṃ vihitaṃ saṃgrāmaṃ yuddhaṃ na kariṣyasi cet, tataḥ tad-akaraṇāt svadharmaṃ kīrtiṃ ca mahā-devādi-samāgama-nimittāṃ hitvā kevalaṃ pāpam avāpsyasi ||2.33||

 

Rāmānuja

atha kṣatriyasya svadharma-bhūtam imam ārabdhaṃ saṃgrāmaṃ mohād ajñānāt na kariṣyasi cet tataḥ prārabdhasya-dharmasyākaraṇāt svadharma-phalaṃ niratiśaya-sukhaṃ vijayena niratiśayāṃ kīrtiṃ ca hitvā pāpaṃ niratiśayam avāpsyasi

 

Śrīdhara

viparyaye doṣam āha atha ced iti

 

Madhusūdana

nanu nāhaṃ yuddha-phala-kāmaḥ | na kāṅkṣe vijayaṃ kṛṣṇa, api trailokya-rājyasya ity uktatvāt tat kathaṃ mayā kartavyam ity āśaṅkyākaraṇe doṣam āha atha ced iti | atheti pakṣāntare | imaṃ bhīṣma-droṇādi-vīra-puruṣa-pratiyogikaṃ dharmyaṃ hiṃsādi-doṣaṇāduṣṭaṃ satāṃ dharmād anapetām iti vā | sa ca manunā darśitaḥ –
na kūṭair āyudhair hanyād yudhyamāno raṇe ripūn |
na karṇibhir nāpi digdhair nāgni-jvalita-tejanaiḥ ||
na ca hanyāt sthalārūḍhaṃ na klībaṃ na kṛtāñjalim |
na mukta-keśaṃ nāsīnaṃ na tavāsmīti vādinam ||
na suptaṃ na visaṃnāhaṃ na nagnaṃ na nirāyudham |
nāyudhyamānaṃ paśyantaṃ na pareṇa samāgatam ||
nāyudha-vyasana-prāptaṃ nārtaṃ nātiparikṣataṃ |
na bhītaṃ na parāvṛttaṃ satāṃ dharmam anusmaran || [Manu 7.91-94] iti |
satāṃ dharmam ullaṅghya yudhyamāno hi pāpīyān syāt | tvaṃ tu parair āhūto ‚pi sad-dharmopetam api saṅgrāmaṃ yuddhaṃ na kariṣyasi dharmato lokato vā bhītaḥ parāvṛtto bhaviṣyasi cet tato nirjitya para-sainyāni kṣitiṃ dharmeṇa pālayet [Parāśara-smṛti 1.58] ity ādi-śāstra-vihitasya yuddhasyākaraṇāt svadharmaṃ hitvānanuṣṭhāya kīrtiṃ ca mahādevādi-samāgama-nimittāṃ hitvā na nivarteta saṅgrāmāt ity ādi-śāstra-niṣiddha-saṅgrāma-nivṛttyā ca raṇa-janyaṃ pāpam eva kevalam avāpsyasi na tu dharmaṃ kīrtiṃ cety abhiprāyaḥ |
athavā ‚neka-janmārjitaṃ dharmaṃ tyaktvā rāja-kṛtaṃ pāpam evāvāpsyasīty arthaḥ | yasmāt tvāṃ parāvṛttam ete duṣṭā avaśyaṃ haniṣyanti ataḥ parāvṛtta-hataḥ saṃś ciropārjita-nija-sukṛta-parityāgena paropārjita-duṣkṛta-mātra-bhāṅ mā bhūr ity abhiprāyaḥ | tathā ca manuḥ –
yas tu bhītaḥ parāvṛttaḥ saṅgrāme hanyate paraiḥ |
bhartur yad duṣkṛtaṃ kiṃcit tat sarvaṃ pratipadyate ||
yac cāsya sukṛtaṃ kiṃcid amutrārtham upārjitam |
bhartā tat sarvam ādatte parāvṛtta-hatasya tu || [Manu 7.95-96] iti |
yājñavalkyo ‚pi rājā sukṛtam ādatte hatānāṃ vipalāyinām iti | tena yad uktam – pāpam evāśrayed asmān hatvaitān ātatāyinaḥ [Gītā 1.36], etān na hantum icchāmi ghanto ‚pi madhusūdana [Gītā 1.35] iti tan nirākṛtaṃ bhavati

 

Viśvanātha

vipakṣe doṣam āha atheti caturbhiḥ

 

Baladeva

vipakṣe doṣān darśayati athety ādibhiḥ | svasya tava dharmyaṃ yuddha-lakṣaṇaṃ kīrtiṃ ca rudra-santoṣaṇa-nivāta-kavacādi-vadha-labdhāṃ hitvā pāpaṃ na nivarteta saṅgrāmād ity ādi smṛti-pratiṣiddhaṃ sva-dharma-tyāga-lakṣaṇaṃ prāpsyasi

 
 


translations

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