BhG 2.31
sva-dharmam api cāvekṣya na vikampitum arhasi
dharmyād dhi yuddhāc chreyo ‘nyat kṣatriyasya na vidyate
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syntax
api ca (and also) sva-dharmam (own duties) avekṣya (after considering) vikampitum (to shake) na arhasi (you should not).
kṣatriyasya (of the warrior) dharmyāt (than the lawful) yuddhāt hi (indeed than the fight) anyat (other) śreyaḥ (benefit) na vidyate (there is not).
grammar
| sva-dharmam | – | sva-dharma 2n.1 m.; TP: svasya dharmam iti – own duties (from: sva – own; √dhṛ – to hold); |
| api | – | av. – although, moreover, besides, even; |
| ca | – | av. – and; |
| avekṣya | – | ava-√īkṣ (to look at, to behold, to consider) absol. – after considering; |
| na | – | av. – not; |
| vikampitum | – | vi-√kamp (to shake, to become changed) inf. – to shake; |
| arhasi | – | √arh (to deserve, to be able to) Praes. P 2v.1 – you deserve; |
| dharmyāt | – | dharmya 5n.1 m. – than the lawful (from: √dhṛ – to hold, dharma – the law); |
| hi | – | av. – because, just, indeed, surely; |
| yuddhāt | – | yuddha 5n.1 n. – than a fight (from: √yudh – to fight); |
| śreyaḥ | – | śreyas 2n.1 n. – better, higher, perfect, the auspiciousness, the welfare (comparative of: śrī – śreyas, śreṣṭha); |
| anyat | – | anya sn. 1n.1 n. – other; |
| kṣatriyasya | – | kṣatriya 6n.1 m. – of the warrior (from: √kṣi – to own, to reign or √kṣi – to destroy); |
| na | – | av. – not; |
| vidyate | – | √vid (to be, to exist) Praes. Ā 1v.1 – there is; |
textual variants
vikampitum → tvaṃ kampitum / prakampitum (you to shake / to shake);
dharmyād dhi → dharmād dhi (indeed than the duty);
Śāṃkara
The key:
an excerpt from the commented verse
quotes from the scriptures
starting polemic
|
A warrior should fight. |
iha paramārtha-tattvāpekṣāyāṃ śoko moho vā na saṃbhavatīty uktam | na kevalaṃ paramārtha-tattvāpekṣāyām eva, kiṃtu – | |
|
Having regard to thine own duty also, thou oughtst not to waver. |
sva-dharmam api cāvekṣya na vikampitum arhasi | dharmyād dhi yuddhāc chreyo’nyat kṣatriyasya na vidyate ||2.31|| |
|
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Having regard also to the fact that fighting is a Kshatriya’s duty, you ought not to swerve from that duty, which is natural to a Kshatriya, – from that which is natural to you (i.e., becoming the caste and the order to which you belong). |
svadharmam api svo dharmaḥ kṣatriyasya yuddhaṃ tam api avekṣya tvaṃ na vikampituṃ pracalituṃ nārhasi kṣatriyasya svābhāvikād dharmād ātma-svābhāvyād ity abhiprāyaḥ | | |
|
This fighting is a supreme duty, not opposed to Law, since it is conducive, through conquest of dominion, to the interests of Law and popular well-being; and to a Kshatriya nothing else is more wholesome than such a lawful battle. |
tac ca yuddhaṃ pṛthivī-jaya-dvāreṇa dharmārthaṃ prajā-rakṣaṇārthaṃ ceti dharmād anapetaṃ paraṃ dharmyam | tasmād dharmyād yuddhāc chreyo ’nyat kṣatriyasya na vidyate hi yasmāt ||2.31|| |
Rāmānuja
api cedaṃ prārabdhaṃ yuddhaṃ prāṇi-māraṇam api agnīṣomīyādivat svadharmam avekṣya na vikampitum arhasi dharmyāt nyāyataḥ pravṛttāt yuddhād anyan na hi kṣatriyasya śreyo vidyate |
śauryaṃ tejo dhṛti-dākṣyaṃ yuddhe cāpy apalāyanam |
dānam īśvara-bhāvaś ca kṣātraṃ karma svabhāvajam || [gītā 18.43] iti hi vakṣyate |
agnīṣomīyādiṣu ca na hiṃsā paśoḥ | nihīna-taracchāgādi-deha-parityāga-pūrvaka-kalyāṇa-deha-svargādi-prāpakatva-śruteḥ saṃjñapanasya |
na vā u vetan mriyase na riṣyasi
devāṃ ideṣi pathibhiḥ sugebhiḥ |
yatra yatanti sukṛto nāpi duṣkṛtas
tatra tvā devaḥ savitā dadhātu [yajurveda 4.6.9.43] iti hi śrūyate |
iha ca yuddhe mṛtānāṃ kalyāṇatara-dehādi-prāptir uktā vāsāṃsi jīrṇāni [gītā 2.22] ity ādinā | ataś cikitsaka-śalyādi-karma āturasyevāsya rakṣaṇam evāgnīṣomīyādiṣu saṃjñapanam
Śrīdhara
yac coktam arjunena vepathuś ca śarīre me ity ādi tad apy ayuktam ity āha svadharmam apīti | ātmano nāśābhāvād eva etesāṃ hanane ‚pi vikampituṃ nārhasi | kiṃ ca svadharmam apy avekṣya vikampitum nārhasi iti sambandhaḥ | yac coktaṃ – na ca śreyo ‚nupaśyāmi hatvā svajanam āhava iti tatrāha dharmyād iti | dharmād anapetān nyāyād yuddhād anyat
Madhusūdana
tad evaṃ sthūla-sūkṣma-śarīra-dvaya-tat-kāraṇāvidyākhyopādhi-trayāvivekena mithyābhūtasyāpi saṃsārasya satyatvātma-dharmatvādi-pratibhāsa-rūpaṃ sarva-prāṇi-sādhāraṇam arjunasya bhramaṃ nirākartum upādhi-traya-vivekenātma-svarūpam abhihitavān | samprati yuddhākhye sva-dharme hiṃsādi-bāhulyenādharmatva-pratibhāsa-rūpam arjunasyaiva karuṇādi-doṣa-nibandhanam asādhāraṇaṃ bhramaṃ nirākartuṃ hiṃsādimattve ‚pi yuddhasya sva-dharmatvenādharmatvābhāvaṃ bodhayati bhagavān svadharmam apīti |
na kevalaṃ paramārtha-tattvam evāvekṣya kiṃ tu svadharmam api kṣatriya-dharmam api yuddhāparāṅmukhatva-rūpam avekṣya śāstrataḥ paryālocya vikampituṃ vicalituṃ dharmād adharmatva-bhrāntyā nivartituṃ nārhasi | tatraivaṃ sati yadyapy ete na paśyanti ity ādinā narake niyataṃ vāso bhavati ity antena yuddhasya pāpa-hetutvaṃ tvayā yad uktaṃ kathaṃ bhīṣmam ahaṃ saṅkhye ity ādinā ca guru-vadha-brahma-vadhādy-akaraṇaṃ yad abhihitaṃ tat sarvaṃ dharma-śāstra-paryālocanād evoktam | kasmāt ? hi yasmād dharmyād aparāṅmukhatva-dharmād anapetād yuddhād anyat kṣatriyasya śreyaḥ śreyaḥ-sādhanaṃ na vidyate | yuddham eva hi pṛthivī-jaya-dvāreṇa prajā-rakṣaṇa-brāhmaṇa-śuśrūṣādi-kṣātra-dharma-nirvāhakam iti tad eva kṣatriyasya praśastataram ity abhiprāyaḥ | tathā coktaṃ parāśareṇa –
kṣatriyo hi prajā rakṣan śastra-pāṇiḥ pradaṇḍayan |
nirjitya para-sainyādi kṣitiṃ dharmeṇa pālayet || [Parāśara-smṛti 1.58] iti ||31||
manunāpi –
samottamādhamai rājā tv āhūtaḥ pālayan prajāḥ |
na nivarteta saṃgrāmāt kṣātraṃ dharmam anusmaran ||
saṃgrāmeṣv anivartitvaṃ prajānāṃ caiva pālanam |
śuśrūṣā brāhmaṇānāṃ ca rājñāṃ śreyaskaraṃ param || [Manu 7.88-9] ity ādinā |
rāja-śabdaś ca kṣatriya-jāti-mātra-vācīti sthitam eveṣṭhy-adhikaraṇe | tena bhūmi-pālasyaivāyaṃ dharma iti na bhramitavyam | udāhṛta-vacane ‚pi kṣatriyo hīti kṣāttraṃ dharmam iti ca spaṣṭaṃ liṅgam | tasmāt kṣatriyasya yuddhaṃ praśasto dharma iti sādhu bhagavato ‚bhihitam | apaśavo ‚nye go-aśvebhyaḥ paśavo go-aśvāḥ itivat praśaṃsā-lakṣaṇayā yuddhād anyac-chreyaḥ-sādhanaṃ na vidyata ity uktam iti na doṣaḥ | etena yuddhāt praśastataraṃ kiṃcid anuṣṭhātuṃ tato nivṛttir uciteti nirastam | na ca śreyo ‚nupaśyāmi hatvā svajanam āhave ity etad api
Viśvanātha
ātmano nāśābhāvād eva vadhād vikampituṃ bhetuṃ nārhasi | svadharmam api cāvekṣya na vikampitum arhasīti sambandhaḥ
Baladeva
evaṃ paramātma-jñānopayogitvād ādau jīvātma-jñānaṃ sarvān prati taulyenopadiśya sa-niṣṭhān prati niṣkāmatayānuṣṭhitāni karmāṇi hṛd-viśuddhi-sahakṛtām ātma-jñāna-niṣṭhāṃ niṣpādayantīti vadiṣyan tasyāṃ pratītim utpādayituṃ sakāmatayānuṣṭhitānāṃ karmaṇāṃ kāmya-phala-pradatvam āha dvābhyām svadharmam apīti |
yuddhaṃ khalu kṣatriyasya nityatam agnihotrādivad vihitam | tac ca śatru-prāṇa-vihaṃsana-rūpam agniṣṭomādi-paśu-hiṃsanavan na pratyavāya-nimittam | ubhayatra hiṃseyam upakṛti-rūpaiva | hīnayor deha-lokayos tyāgena divyayos tayor lobhāt | āha caivaṃ smṛtiḥ –
āhaveṣu mitho ‚nyonyaṃ jighāṃsanto mahīkṣitaḥ |
yudhyamānāḥ paraṃ śaktyā svargaṃ yānty aparāṅmukhāḥ || [Manu 7.90]
yajñeṣu paśavo brahman hanyante satataṃ dvijaiḥ |
saṃskṛtāḥ kila mantraiś ca te ‚pi svargam avāpnuvan || [?] ity ādyā |
evaṃ nija-dharmam avekṣya vikampituṃ dharmāt pracalituṃ nārhasi | yuktaṃ na ca śreyo ‚nupaśyāmīty ādinā narake nityataṃ vāso bhavatīyt antyena yuddhasya pāpa-hetutvaṃ tvayoktam | tac cājñānād evety āha dharmyād iti | yuddham eva bhūmi-jaya-dvārā prajā-pālana-guru-vipra-saṃsevanādi-kṣātra-dharma-nirvāhīti | evam āha bhagavān parāśaraḥ –
kṣatriyo hi prajā rakṣan śastra-pāṇiḥ pradaṇḍayan |
nirjitya para-sainyādi kṣitiṃ dharmeṇa pālayet || [Parāśara-smṛti 1.58] iti
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