BhG 2.27
jātasya hi dhruvo mṛtyur dhruvaṃ janma mṛtasya ca
tasmād aparihārye ‘rthe na tvaṃ śocitum arhasi
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syntax
jātasya hi (surely of one who is born) mṛtyuḥ (death) dhruvaḥ (certain) [asti] (is), mṛtasya ca (and of one who is dead) janma (birth) dhruvam (certain) [asti] (is).
tasmāt (therefore) aparihārye arthe (when the matter is unavoidable) tvam (you) śocitum (to lament) na arhasi (you should not).
grammar
| jātasya | – | jāta (√jan – to be born) PP 6n.1 m. – of one who is born; |
| hi | – | av. – because, just, indeed, surely; |
| dhruvaḥ | – | dhruva 1n.1 m. – certain, fixed (from: √dhṛ – to hold or √dhru – to be firm); |
| mṛtyuḥ | – | mṛtyu 1n.1 m. – death (from: √mṛ – to die); |
| dhruvam | – | dhruva 1n.1 n. – certain, fixed (from: √dhṛ – to hold or √dhru – to be firm); |
| janma | – | janman 1n.1 n. – birth (from: √jan – to be born); |
| mṛtasya | – | mṛta (√mṛ – to die) PP 6n.1 m. – of one who is dead; |
| ca | – | av. – and; |
| tasmāt | – | av. – therefore (from: tat sn. 5n.1 m. – from that); |
| aparihārye | – | a-parihārya (pari-√hṛ – to take round, to leave, to be avoided) PF 7n.1 m. loc.abs.– in an unavoidable; |
| arthe | – | artha 7n.1 m. loc.abs.– in a matter (from: √arth – to strive to obtain, to desire, to request); |
| na | – | av. – not; |
| tvam | – | yuṣmat sn. 1n.1 – you; |
| śocitum | – | √śuc (to lament) inf. – to lament; |
| arhasi | – | √arh (to deserve, to be able to) Praes. P 2v.1 – you deserve; |
textual variants
jātasya hi → jātasyaiva (just for the one who is born);
dhruvo → dhruvaṁ (certainly av.);
aparihārye ‚rthe → aparihāryarthe (whe the matter is unavoidable);
Śāṃkara
The key:
an excerpt from the commented verse
quotes from the scriptures
starting polemic
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Accordingly: |
tathā ca sati – | |
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To that which is born, death is indeed certain; and to that which is dead, birth is certain. |
jātasya hi dhruvo mṛtyur dhruvaṃ janma mṛtasya ca | tasmād aparihārye’rthe na tvaṃ śocitum arhasi ||2.27|| |
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To that which has had birth, death happens without failure, and birth is sure to happen to that which is dead. Since birth and death are unavoidable, therefore you ought not to grieve regarding such an unavoidable thing. If death is natural to that which has had birth, and if birth is natural to that which has had death, the thing is unavoidable. Regarding such an unavoidable thing you ought not to grieve. |
jātasya hi labdha-janmanaḥ dhruvo ’vyabhicārī mṛtyur maraṇaṃ dhruva janma mṛtasya ca | tasmād aparihāryo ’yaṃ janma-maraṇa-lakṣaṇo ’rthaḥ | tasminn aparihārye ’rthe na tvaṃ śocitum arhasi ||2.27|| |
Rāmānuja
utpannasya vināśo dhruvo’varjanīyopalabhyate | tathā vinaṣṭasyāpi janmāvarjanīyam | katham idam upalabhyate vinaṣṭasyotpattir iti | sata evotpatty-upalabdheḥ, asataś cānupalabdheḥ | utpatti-vināśādayaḥ sato dravyasyāvasthā-viśeṣāḥ | tantu-prabhṛtīni dravyāṇi santy eva | satyam | ucyate— racanā-viśeṣa-yuktāni paṭādīny ucyante | asat-kārya-vādināpy etāvad evopalabhyate | na hi tatra tantu-saṃsthāna-viśeṣātirekeṇa dravyāntaraṃ pratīyate | kāraka-vyāpāra-nāmāntara-bhajana-vyavahāra-viśeṣāṇām etāvatā evopapatteḥ, na ca dravyāntara-kalpanā yuktā | ata utpatti-vināśādayaḥ sato dravyasyāvasthā-viśeṣāḥ |
utpatty-ākhyām avasthām upayātasya dravyasya tad-virodhy-avasthāntara-prāptir vināśa ity ucyate | mṛd-dravyasya piṇḍatva-ghaṭatva-kapālatva-cūrṇatvādivat pariṇāmi-dravyasya pariṇāma-paramparā avarjanīyā | tatra pūrvāvasthasya dravyasyottarāvasthā-prāptir vināśaḥ | saiva tad-avasthasya cotpattiḥ | evam utpatti-vināśākhya-pariṇāma-paramparā pariṇāmitno dravyasyāparihāryeti na tatra śocitum arhasi
Śrīdhara
kuta iti ? ata āha jātasyety-ādi | hi yasmāj jātasya svārambhaka-karma-kṣaye mṛtyur dhruvo niścitaḥ | mṛtasya ca tad-deha-kṛtena karmaṇā janmāpi dhruvam eva | tasmād evam aparihārye ‚rthe avaśyambhāvini janma-maraṇa-lakṣaṇe ‚rthe tvaṃ vidvān śocitum nārhasi yogyo na bhavasi
Madhusūdana
nanv ātmana ābhūta-saṃplava-sthāyitva-pakṣe ca dṛṣṭādṛṣṭa-duḥkha-sambhavāt tad-bhayena śocāmīty ata āha dvitīya-ślokena jātasya hīti | hi yasmāj jātasya sva-kṛta-dharmādharmādi-vaśāl labdha-śarīrendriyādi-sambandhasya sthirasyātmano dhruva āvaśyako mṛtyus tac-charīrādi-vicchedas tad-ārambhaka-karma-kṣaya-nimittaḥ saṃyogasya viyogāvasānatvāt | tathā dhruvaṃ janma mṛtasya ca prāg-deha-kṛta-karma-phalopabhogārthaṃ sānuśayasyaiva prastutatvān na jīvan-mukte vyabhicāraḥ | tasmād evam aparihārye parihartum aśakye ‚smin janma-maraṇa-lakṣaṇe ‚rthe viṣaye tvam evaṃ vidvān na śocitum arhasi | tathā ca vakṣyati ṛte ‚pi tvāṃ na bhaviṣyanti sarve [Gītā 11.32] iti | yadi hi tvayā yuddhe ‚nāhanyamānā ete jīveyur eva tadā yuddhāya śokas tavocitaḥ syāt | ete tu karma-kṣayāt svayam eva mriyanta iti tat-parihārāsamarthasya tava dṛṣṭ-duḥkha-nimittaḥ śoko nocita iti bhāvaḥ |
evam adṛṣṭa-duḥkha-nimitte ‚pi śoke tasmād aparihārye ‚rthe ity evottaram | yuddhākhyaṃ hi karma kṣatriyasya niyatam agnihotrādivat | tac ca yudha samprahāre ity asmād dhātor niṣpannaṃ śatru-prāṇa-viyogānukūla-śastra-prahāra-rūpaṃ vihitatvāgnīṣomīyādi-siṃhāvan na pratyavāya-janakam | tathā ca gautamaḥ smarati na doṣo hiṃsāyām āhave ‚nyatra vyaśvāsārathyanuyudha-kṛtāñjali-prakīrṇa-keśa-parāṅmukhopaviṣṭa-sthala-vṛkṣārūḍha-dūta-go-brāhmaṇa-vādibhyaḥ iti | brāhmaṇa-grahaṇaṃcātrāyoddhṛ-brāhmaṇa-viṣayaṃ gavādi-prāya-pāṭhād iti sthitam | etac ca sarvaṃ svadharmam api cāvekṣyety atra spaṣṭīkariṣyati | tathā ca yuddha-lakṣaṇe ‚rthe ‚gnihotrādivad vihitatvād aparihārye parihartum aśakye tad-akaraṇe pratyavāya-prasaṅgāt tvam adṛṣṭa-duḥkha-bhayena śocituṃ nārahasīti pūrvavat |
yadi tu yuddhākhyaṃ karma kāmyam eva –
ya āhaveṣu yudhyante bhūmy-artham aparāṅmukhāḥ |
akūṭair āyudhair yānti te svargaṃ yogino yathā || [Yajñ. 13.324]
iti yājñavalkya-vacanāt | hato vā prāpsyasi svargaṃ jitvā vā bhokṣyase mahīm [Gītā 2.37] iti bhagavad-vacanāc ca | tadāpi prārabdhasya kāmyasyāpi avaśya-parisamāpanīyatvena nitya-tulyatvāt tvayā ca yuddhasya prārabdhatvād aparihāryatvaṃ tyulyam eva |
athavātma-nityatva-pakṣa eva śloka-dvayam arjunasya paramāstikasya veda-bāhya-matābhyupagamāsambhavāt | akṣara-yojanā tu nityaś cāsau dehendriyādi-sambandha-vaśāj jātaś ceti nitya-jātas tam enam ātmānaṃ nityam api santaṃ jātaṃ cen manyase tathā nityam api santaṃ mṛtaṃ cen manyase tathāpi tvaṃ nānuśocitum arhasīti hetum āha jātasya hīty ādinā | nityasya jātatvaṃ mṛtatvaṃ ca prāg-vyākhyātam | spaṣṭam anyat | bhāṣyam apy asmin pakṣe yojanīyam
Viśvanātha
hi yasmāt tasya svārambhaka-karma-kṣaye mṛtyur dhruvo niścitaḥ | mṛtasya ca tad-deha-kṛtena karmaṇā janmāpi dhruvam eva | aparihārye ‚rthe iti mṛtyur janma ca parihartum a]cakyam eva ity arthaḥ
Baladeva
atha śarīrātirikto nitya ātmā | tasyāpūrva-śarīrendriya-yogo janma | pūrva-śarīrendriya-viyogas tu maraṇaṃ tad-ubhayaṃ ca dharmādharma-hetukatvāt tad-āśrayasya nityasyātmano mukhyaṃ, tad-atiriktasya śarīrasya tu gauṇam | tasyānityasya kṛta-hānya-kṛtābhyāgama-prasaṅgena tad-āśrayatvānupapatter iti tārkikā manyante | tat-pakṣe ‚py ātmanaḥ śocyatvaṃ pariharati jātasyeti | hir hetau | jātasya sva-karma-vaśāt prāpta-śarīrādi-yogasya nityasyāpy ātmanas tad-ārambhaka-karma-kṣaya-hetuko mṛtyur dhruvo niścitaḥ | mṛtasya tac-charīra-kṛta-karma-hetukaṃ janma ca dhruvaṃ syāt | tasmād evam aparihārye parihartum aśakye janma-maraṇātmake ‚rthe tvaṃ vidvān śocituṃ nārhasi | tvayi yuddhān nivṛtte ‚py ete svārambhake karmaṇi kṣīṇe sati mariṣyanty eva | tava tu svadharmād vicyutir bhāvinīti bhāvaḥ
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